2500 Words Essay Samples

Effect of different lights and miracle grow on plants

Parenchyma cells make up the mesophyll and cortex of plant leaves and the pith of stems and roots of plants. The leaves of monocots are usually thin because the endosperm to feed the new plant is not on the inside the seed leaf.

Psychological approaches to child development

Classical conditioning involves conditioned reflexes: all animals have this reflexive behaviour which is not a conscious control but is a response to a specific stimuli for example a kneejerk reflex will only jerk if is tapped in the correct place while your lower leg is freely swinging this reflex is controlled by the spinal cord →

Reflective analysis report on personal experiences

In addition to other project related activities, my extra responsibilities as team leader were to overlook the project to maintain the focus of the project, conduct team meetings, and ensure the pace of the project to meet necessary deadlines. Because of the length of the project and number of people involved in the project, it →

Introduction of life insurance

Life insurance is a contract between the policyholder and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay the beneficiaries sum of money upon the occurrence of the insured individual's or individuals' death or other circumstances such as terminal illness or critical illness. The benefits of the policy will paid to policyholder or nominees depending →

Motion graph for character animation

Since motion graph is the main focus of this research, we investigate the preliminary work of motion graph and discuss about the main components of motion graph like distance metrics and motion transition. One of the common ways to reuse and editing motion capture data is known as the Motion Graph.

The influence of advertising in the modern life

Scholars, researchers and practitioners from advertising industry not surprisingly have been and still are interested in consequences and results attitude towards advertising has on the effectiveness of the advertising campaign, and brand attitude. In contrast to " the matter", " the manner" is controllable by the advertiser and thus it is unacceptable if the execution →

Marketing of projects assignment

Introduction: The first and one of the critical steps in the project cycle management is the identification and selection process. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to understand the concepts of Project and Project Cycle Management and to critically examine one of the phases of PC, which is Project Identification.

Female executives christina gold western union assignment

In 2007, her first year as CEO of Western Union, Christina Gold was #388. 2006 Western Union wins the Media and Marketing Award in Germany for the Best Use of Television.

Medical immunology

Can be either natural or acquired Function of the Immune System Recognize " self" from " nonself" Defend the body against nonself Physiologic function is to prevent infection and to eradicate established infections Key Characteristics of the Immune System Innate immunity Primary response Secondary response and immunologic memory Immune response is highly specific Immune system →

Conduction of electric current in liquids

The contents of the table may be modified according to the availability of the samples. The students may be explained that when the liquid between the two ends of the tester allows the electric current to pass, the circuit of the tester becomes complete and the bulb glows.

Environmental determinism related to ancient greece assignment

When the city states divided up between the Delia League and the Athenians, and the Peloponnesus League and the Spartan, in the agreement t stated that each side was to not get involved with the opposite sides affairs and the Athenians ignored that rule because of environmental determinism. Environmental determinism is shown because the crops →

Public administration and development

In this review I will discuss the article " Experimenting with Organizational Development in Bhuta: A Tool for Reforms and The Achievement of Multilevel Goals" by O'Flynn and Blackman, published in 2009 issue of the Journal of Public Administration and Development. Furthermore, a key feature of OD intervention is the transformation of skills and technology →

The subject of affirmative action

With the background of affirmative action and its programs established we should evaluate some of the problems with affirmative action and if affirmative action programs work. In short, the scope of seniority and affirmative action are similar.

Papaya sap

Objectives of the Study This investigation is anchored on the following objectives: 1) To evaluate and compare the, the appearance, texture, elasticity and strength of the rubber material. Scope and Limitations of the Study Variable Limitation The independent variable of the study is the papaya sap, the dependent variable of the study is the produced →

The rights of women in afghanistan sociology essay

Inequality and repressiveness of women in Afghanistan can be further be illustrated by statistics that show 75% of women are forced into marriages, 87% of women are illiterate, 33% of women experience sexual violence or physical assault, in every 30 minutes death occurs in relation to child birth and only 30% of girls access education →

Law essays – modes of trial

The nature of the offence determines the court in which the case is heard and thereby the mode of trial and other aspects of criminal proceedings such as sentencing and remand. A mode of trial hearing is usually the most important part of the criminal proceeding for the defendant, bar of course the actual trial, →

Atm with an eye

By forcing the ATM to match a live image of a customer's face with an image stored in a bank database that is associated with the account number, the damage to be caused by stolen cards and PINs is effectively neutralized. The main issues faced in developing such a model are keeping the time elapsed →

Applying analytical tools in strategic management in ebusiness

The objective of the environmental analysis or SWOT analysis is to provide the company with the judgments which are structured and in the form of a process. The strength and weaknesses of the company are controllable factors and internal to the company and Opportunities and threats make the outer environment of the company and are →

Importance of cost reduction and control

The basic difference between job order costing and process costing is the breadth of the denominator. The denominator of job order costing system is small.

Analysis of indira gandhis leadership style politics essay

Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This section examines the empirical evidence of Gandhi's leadership style: motivation for leading; →

Terrorist attack in mumbai history essay

MUMBAI, India Indian commandos took control of the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, the last nest of terrorist resistance, on Saturday morning, after a lengthy assault that left three terrorists dead and sections of the hotel in flames, the head of the commando unit said in a televised news conference. Condemning the attack, Selja said: →

Strict liability

If a shopper buying a gift for someone else and write n the receipt that the recipient have the right under the contract of sale and get the sign of the retailer on it then if the product then turns defective, the recipient can sue them. It is similar to the state of the art →

Cerebro vascular accident health and social care essay

Stroke incidence and prevalence are indispensable for ciphering the load of disease and for be aftering the bar and intervention of shot patients. Determine the effectivity of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia.

Just in time concept

Incomeamount of resources available for consumption at the end of a period and yet be as well off as it was at the beginning of the period. Installment Method: opposite of production method: no reasonable basis to estimate collectability, so revenue on sale recognized as cash is collected Continuously: such as rent and interest The →

Aldi case study analysis

Even though the opportunities and threats are balanced to a certain extent, the industry analysis has proven that the existing grocery industry is turning out to be less profitable due to the high intensity among the competitors and the bargaining power of customers. In addition, the Value Chain Analysis illustrates that Aldi is focused in →

Apocalypse now essay

4 It is basically saying that the whole part of the film with Colonel Kilgore is inconsistent with the rest of the film and unnecessary. This might be the way that he tries to escape the war and the jungle in his head.

Working in groups vs individually

The idea here will be to study the pros and cons with relation to the particular individual and not to the group of which he is a part. Coming to the main issue of whether or not working in the group is going to be beneficial or not to us will be depending largely on →

Test and divergent essay sample

It is different because the world they live in is based on having each person fit into a faction and since Divergents do not, they are more likely to rebel and to disrupt the peace of the factions. One interesting part of the novel that I can relate to One interesting part in Divergent that →

Better resources management flashcard

The most basic technique, which is popular with ISPs is through the over-provisioning of the bandwidth, buffers, servicing traffic from competing users etc, in order to ensure that congestion is avoided in the first place. Over-provisioning ensures that the capacity of the resources available is greater or similar to the peak traffic loads estimations, and →

Eyewitness testimony in children

First, Researchers believe that children make the assumption that an adult would not provide the task if the target was not present, so when the children are presented with the line-up array it suggests to the children that the adult expects them to choose someone from the line-up. This is also supported by the study →

Requirements for a balanced diet

If eaten in an excess of the dietary requirements carbohydrates are easily stored as fats in the cells, although carbohydrate is the first source of energy in the body. Vitamin A is essential to the proper functioning of the retina in the eye and the epithelial tissues.

Ap us history chapter 39 terms

The Burger Court was supposed to reverse the liberal rulings of the Warren court, but it produced the most controversial judicial decision in Roe v. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case." Saturday night massacre": Name given to the series of events in 1973 that included the firing of a special prosecutor →

Introduction analysis of the daily walk routines indicates

These are great techniques, but the issue of having a pet as a best friend is unique and one of the recently discovered best practices of relieving work-related strains or stress. Taking a pet for a walk around the park provides people the opportunity approach and talk to the owner.

Case study: psychological case of mark spencer

The procedures of developmental cycle, such as role and identity confusion versus identified identity, and the stage of adolescent to young adulthood, as afflicted by the changing social factors, particularly the family support systems, peer pressure, and social dilemma, brings forth furtherpersonalitydilemma in Mark. In the case of Mark, the primary hobbies being centralized is →

Mulnutrition in the eldery: causes and intervention strategies

This increase in elderly population has posed the need to look into the meaning of malnutrition, possible causes and programs in an effort to support the elderly overcome malnutrition. Assessment and follow up of the nutritional status reduces the malnutrition and assist in the prevention of pressure ulcers.

A case study of bentley security company

In this case study we are going to look critically into the situation of the Bentley Security Company and issues faced by it. We will also try to find some solutions for its recovery from bad performance and we will in end see how it can do its management buyout to improve its financial and →

Change management at netflix

To maintain and grow their market share and customer base, Netflix began to produce original and exclusive content in the form of series, movies featuring popular actors, and documentaries. An organization's leaders and upper management must have a clear andconcise understanding of the change that is occurring and be able to clearlyarticulate it.

Brazils intervention in free market

The price mechanism mean is to determine price by the supply and demand of the product, if the demand is higher and production of the product is low so the shortage of the product will occur and price will increase. For example if the demand of the coffee been is increased then this could be →

Toyota and mercedes benz marketing comparison

Toyota and Mercedes Benz are two of the largest automakers in the world. In addition to this, efficient leadership ensures that managers in different parts of the world make decisions which are consistent with the objectives of Mercedes and its parent company.

Body image and advertising effects assignment

2002) have proposed the connection between the predominance of body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem with the representation of a thin ideal in the marketing industry, which sometimes leads to various kinds of psychological issues such as eating disorder, depression and anorexia. A questionnaire was formulated to assess the influence of body image perception under the →

Tesco and sainsbury financial analysis

The food retailers in the UK like Sainsbury's, Marks and Spencer, Tesco and Asda have faced a huge challenge due to the current climate of financial squeeze leading to job losses. Comparing the ROCE of Tesco and Sainsbury's, it is obvious that Sainbury's is operating below the average at 4-5% over the 3 years analysed, →

How do organisations build customer relationships?

Terms of Reference In the pursuit of my studies for a degree in " Business Studies and Marketing," and to aid my chosen career development and progression in the future, I have selected a specific area of marketing as the topic for this dissertation, this relating to the concept of customer relationships development and, in →

Theories of dyslexia and strategies for intervention

The republic of Ireland has adopted this definition for themselves which blatantly relates to the fact that this a disability which is part of a continuum of needs, Dyslexia is manifested in a continuum of specific learning difficulties related to the acquisition of basic skills in reading, spelling, writing and/or number, such difficulties being unexpected →

Professional role development of newly qualified nurses

The aim of this essay is to explore and discuss important aspects of the roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. The approach taken throughout the rest of this essay will be to provide a discussion of the main theories, concepts, and issues related to the roles and responsibilities of delegation and PGD for →

Case study on the care needs of older person

In terms of the health care needs of the older people, it is important that there is willingness coming from the older person in order to establish the relationship in between the health care provider and the older person and provide the quality needs and care. A, " Chronic Pain and Intimacy in the Relationships →

Child observation report

I interacted a little with the adults at the table so that I did not seem out of place to the children. During the time of observation she displayed running around the backyard both with her brother and with the family dog, walking over to the play center, climbing over the chair on the deck, →

Occupational health essay essay sample

The Joint Health and Safety committee is put in place to implement and develop programs to protect the employees' safety and health and deal with employee complaints and suggestions concerning employee safety and health.* Record keeping of important safety tests and inspections done in the company are limited. All workers should have a copy of →

Copd: a clinical case study

According to Halpin," There are still no validated severity assessment tools that encompass the multidimensional nature of the disease, and we therefore continue to recommend using FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted as a marker of the severity of airflow obstruction, but acknowledge that this may not reflect the impact of the disease in →

Jumeirah beach hotel marketing mix analysis

Daily Telegraph Travel Awards, Jumeirah Beach Hotel ' Favorite resort hotels' For the third year in a row, readers of one of Germany's leading business travel magazines, Business Travelers, chose Jumeirah Beach Hotel as the ' Best Hotel in the Middle East' In 2012, Jumeriah Beach Hotel in Dubai have got the award of Travelers' →

Digitalisation and it’s implications for the music industry

The transformation of the music industry is an illustration of the disruptive nature of innovation, and its ability to render existing structures obsolete. The Production of Content The initial phase of the music industry value chain refers to the actions of all those involved in the production of musical works.

High imperialism and colonialism in india

Thus, despite their true intentions of wanting to drain the resources and economic industries of other nations, the principle justification provided by the British, for their colonisation of India, was the ideological and technological superiority of the western world. Following the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal and his troops, the British began controlling the →

Experiment on acid-based reactions in aqueous solution

Within a neutralization reaction, it is a paramount that the moles of the acid are equal to the moles of the corresponding base. Additionally, the pH of the solution depends on the relative strength of the acid and strength of the base used in the titration.

Distributed file system

On the other side, a Distributed File System in a transparent mode also tells the whereabouts of a file on the network. In NFS, a client needs to have a NFS client and the corresponding server needs to have a NFS server.

The programme profile, listening audience profile and time

For example, the winner of the recently held L'Oreal Femina Elite Model Look 1998 featured live on a programme sponsored by L'Oreal on the FM channel though not a full-fledged programme on the event, the script for the host was modified as to thread together an interview with the winner, Ms. The Internet is now →

Qantas: leverage (finance)

The scheduling, cancellation or rescheduling of flights the monitoring and response to an industrial dispute the reallocation of labor to cover absences in key areas Cost leadership To use the least amount of Inputs to deliver one unit of output. Training and development This is done to increased the performance of employees.

Enterprise development plan assignment

In relation to the Dublin based office, the plan would be to expand and develop the company's office facilities to Belfast and Athlete once we have proceeded to bring In revenue and make profits In the foreseeable future. K market segment is due to the fact that Dragonhead is bursting with history of the battle →

Influence of mass media on teenagers

The fact that there was a time when the internet, television and cell phones were considered a necessity but now they seem to be more of a commodity teenagers seem addicted to pretty much explains that there is bound to be a downside to the influence mass media has on teens. Alcohol advertising also often →

Folkalization, orality and syncretizing in derek walcott

Talking about the rise of the indigenous Caribbean Theatre, Errol Hill stresses the significance of the practice of assimilation and the native dramatist's urge ' to seek nspiration from the indigenous theatre of the folk, not as curiosities but as the fibre from which a national drama is fashioned: the carnival and calypso, John Canoe →

Judiciary independence in australia and malaysia

According to the doctrine of separation of powers, judicial independence is to be taken as a bulwark against the concentration of power in the hands of the Parliament or the bureaucracy. In common law countries, the tension between the executive and the judiciary is the result of the doctrine of separation of powers.

Business ethics assignment

Nestle, Saunders was assigned the task of countering the criticism raised by the World Health Organization against the company's heavy marketing of its powdered milk to the Third World.... Through the International Council of Infant Food Industries, Nestle was able to negotiate with Worlds Health Organization which led to the end of the boycott in →

A critique of mills harm principle philosophy essay

It's notable that no definition of 'Harm' is to be found in, On Liberty, granted Mill gives us some exemptions, but no more than that and accordingly Mill's use of the word 'Harm' is often considered imprecise. It's possible to leave the bus of course, but that would be inconvenient and there's not another seat →

Customer relationship management in sports and leisure industry marketing essay

The message would have to be customized and coordinated across the organization to be in line with the customer strategy. Those could be split to the problems for the Headquarters and problems in the branch of the business.

How service learning enriches the learning experience

How Service Learning Enriches the Learning Experience Section I: Problem Statement Service learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities. To answer the question in the previous paragraph, I will explore into the following topics: service →

Casefile method – answer to casefile 1.1

Likely outcome It is likely that the court will find that Crest breached the employment contract with Collins by hiring an unapproved member to his team of chefs, effectively converting Collins from a top-tier chef into just another cook in the kitchen. Thus, if Collins cannot show that Crest breached the contract first, he is →

Paul c????zanne and his influence on cubism assignment

Developed in the late 19th Century after the disbandment of Impressionist group La Sociot, Impressionists deviated from the unfinished style of the Impressionists and focused on the science of color. Instead, subtle use of aerial perspective usage of warm and cool colors of nature to convey the advancement and recession of objects in a painting →

Business ethics assignment

The three theories that will be used to examine the case are John Stuart Mill's ethical theory of Utilitarianism, Emmanuel Cant's Supreme Principal of Morality theory, and The Voice of Care, which is a contemporary challenge to dominant ethical views such as Kant and Mills'. The management team decided to manufacture and distribute the drug →

Relevance of lead apron in medical imaging profession

Aprons were identified based on the number of years they were used by the personnel, the units from where they have been obtained, number of personnel by whom they were worn, the model, the material by which they are made of and the thickness of lead in the apron. The images on the plates exposed →

The limits of the historians objectivity history essay

The assumptions on which the idea of historical objectivity rest include a commitment to the reality of the past and to truth as correspondence to that reality; a sharp separation between knower and known, between fact and value, and above all between history and fiction".[1]" The historian's primary allegiance is to ' the objective historical →

The impact of globalization of sex trade

Department of the state reports that the sex trade has underreported numbers because the gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual sex trade ignored in sex trade statistics. The push and pull theory is an example of the impact of globalization of sex trade industry that has a two-directional movement.

Fletcher building company analysis

As we know Fletcher building company is a very famous company in New Zealand they need to attract more customers for making large projects in the markets and they need more customers so as to marketing. Financial: As we know financial support is necessary to maintain a business and here fletcher company has incredible spending →

What were the short-term significances

Palmerston's illusion was further supported when the diplomatic situation in Europe was shaken by the collapse of the Congress of Vienna;[18] a consequence of the Crimean war. For British foreign policy, this was vastly significant because the suppression of Russian influence[19] in the region due to the Treaty of Paris[20] allowed Britain to temporarily become →

The significance of employee engagement in healthcare

The Significance of Employee Engagement in Healthcare Abstract The following research paper describes in detail the relevance of employee engagement to a healthcare provider. The main topics to be explored are the significance of employee engagement and the various parts of healthcare that are impacted by this.

Deep and broad brand awareness marketing essay

Among the numerous awards and accolades that Hyflux brands have received are: Global Water Awards 2010: Desalination Company of the Year from Global Water Intelligence Asia Pacific Water Technology Company of the Year Award 2010 from Frost and Sullivan Global Water Awards 2010: Desalination Deal of the Year from GWI Global Water Awards 2010: Desalination →

Adipose tissue as endocrine organs biology essay

In worlds, adipose tissue is composed of adipocytes which are the rule cells involved in endocrine secernment and represent the major differences in Brown and White adipose tissue. 10It has been implicated in lipogenisis and the accretion of adipose tissue.

Developing self and others essay sample

4 Describe a method that could be used to monitor the development of self and another member of the team Conclusion Summary This assignment discusses the elements to be considered when developing yourself and others. My colleague and I completed the questionnaire and the scoring to identify our learning styles.

The performance of aviva life assurance business essay

The power of corporations in society and the responsible usage of this power in the political sphere is related attack to the corporate societal duty which includes political considerations and political analysis in CSR. As a portion of environment and acquiring deeper on to it, the research was conducted by Aviva Asia.

The poor infrastructure system economics essay

The recent trend which is the new generation get to work more in the software industry has led to the rise of the income level and the change in lifestyle. Narrow it down to the automobile industry in India and China, it is identified as one of the most important and opened door for the →

Psychology essays – children neurological test

The basic aim of the HTP is to " measure aspects of a person's personality through interpretation of drawings and responses to questions". Essentially, the first part of the test is to draw a house, a tree, and a person, each on a separate piece of paper with only the label of the drawing at →

Complications of endoscopic sinus surgery

In men with type 2 foveal shape the group's average height of the ethmoid roof was higher than the foveal shape of type 1 group. In women, the average height of the ethmoid roof of type 2 group was higher than type 1 group.

What purpose does the inspector serve in an inspector calls essay sample

Our first views of the Inspector's appearance are " he creates a sense of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness...he is a man in his fifties, dressed in a plain darkish suit of the period." For the Inspector to dress in " a plain darkish suit of the period," it ensures that his character gives away no →

The lemon market theory

The LMT also focuses on the information asymmetry or unbalanced information between the buyer and seller, where the entire set of sellers take the credit for the quality of the product or service rather than granting the individual quality reward to the appropriate seller who provides the good quality ones. Assumes that the demands of →

Sonnet analysis – “when i have fears that i may cease to be”

He was a master of the sonnet form, and the poem is full of sensitive passion and the romantic imagery for which he is famous. Although the ideas of the three quatrains all tie into the central idea, there is a clear distinction between the interconnected ideas presented in the octave that he will not →

Symbolism interpretation of marriage rites: kom marriage

During the course of collecting data I will take in to consideration the symbolic interpretation of marriage rites during the four stages of marriage particularly the use of imagery. Lastly, the paper will look at the socio cultural evolution of marriage in kom, trying to compare the past and present marriage, the effect on the →

Buiness marketing plan

Granted patent in HK and China: The patent right of the product prevents the manufacture of duplicates in the market and gives the company the rights of branding and monopoly. Threats: The changing environment in technology and threat of substitution: The rapid change in technology poses a serious threat as the product is dependent on →

A brief introduction to outsourcing management

Although companies may perceive outsourcing as an alternative to reduce costs as a result of access to economies of scale and improve performance as a result of unique expertise that a large outsourcing vendor can deliver, outsourcing has many hidden cost and risks that can lead to create various financial and non financial problems. What →

A system of inquiry into code-of-ethics compliance essay

Introduction The basic purpose of a compliance program for following the code of ethics is to help the employees at all levels and functions within the organization to work together and achieve the broader and narrower goals and objectives in such a way as to be consistent with standards of ethical behavior. The ethics compliance →

Crimes of the powerful essay

It is tempting to give a simple or even simplistic answer to the above question: it is tempting to say that analysis and theory of crimes of the powerful have grown so quickly in the last century because the quantity and diversity of such crimes have themselves exploded outwards. According to scholars authors like Chesterton →

Hbr regal carnation hotel, guam

The excess room inventory in the hotel industry paired with the decline in the general tourism of Guam could only lead to failure. The McKenzie's relied too much on the hotel's website and failed to follow through to verify the validity of the information on the website.

Ethics and financial reporting assignment

Per the International Chamber of Commerce, the board needs to be able to make decisions in order to limit the risk exposure of the company. Moreover, the board of directors and the audit committee are supposed to be vigilant and sign off on the accuracy of the company's financial statements.

Hemingway’s redefinition of gender roles

The members of this " lost generation" rewrote the values of the Victorian age and reestablished a less rigid set of morals to implement in the modern world. Because Jake accepts Brett and the idea of the new woman, he is able to maintain a relationship.

Phenomenology and interviews in qualitative research

They write a description and explanation of the phenomenon, maintaining a strong relation to the topic of inquiry and balancing the parts of the writing to the whole. Following that, the research develops a textural description of the experiences of the persons, a structural description of their experiences, and a combination of the textural and →

Making hospital visits essay

And the big one, the person you are going to see is seriously sick or injured, and you do not really know what to expect or what to say when you get there. They do a good job of making you want to stay in bed and out Of the hallways.

Strategic analysis of b&q

This paper will go through the analysis of the B&Q strategy management to discuss this issue, proposal to solve this problem and the suggest solution of the problem produced by the proposal. B&Q is the largest DIY Home Improvement retailer in European and is the main subsidiary retail of Kingfisher, which was the third largest →

Case study for ethics assignment

He is currently a third-term vice mayor of Tag City and the Secretary-General of the Vice Mayor's League of the Philippines. He was the presiding officer of the Sanguine Pantaloons regarding to the implementation of the revision of the Real Property Tax Code which aimed to revise the taxes on real property in the City →

Underrepresentation of women in science and engineering sociology

Although the figure of adult females in the Fieldss has grown steadily, adult females remain underrepresented at high degrees of these professions. Additionally, these institutes engage in runs and preparations to raise the figure of adult females in scientific discipline and technology.

The three most common types of classroom organization education essay

Since the research literature clearly indicates the efficacy of cooperative learning for student learning and development, it is one of the most touted teaching methods. The idea behind " individual accountability" is that each individual in a cooperative team must demonstrate her mastery of the assigned learning and document his contribution to the team.