1800 Words Essay Samples

Self awareness and opportunity awareness

Another weakness in this area is that I am not resilient to change and the exercise states that most of us have this as a weakness but its something that is always going to happen and we need to accept change and thrive upon it. To improve in this area I have completed the exercises β†’

Josef fritzl and classical theory philosophy essay

Through personal accounts and or interviews of the individual in question, it can be highlighted that the Classical theory of criminology can be primarily used to underpin Mr Fritzl's motives and behaviour towards the crime itself. A limitation of the Classical Theory is that it does not take into account the social standings of an β†’

Descartes’ cogito: inference or intuition?

The entailment of existence from thinking is, according to Descartes, self-evident: ' It is a contradiction to suppose that what thinks does not, at the very time when it is thinking, exist.' It is only self- evident when it is occurring in time, however. Therefore, it is evident that Descartes' cogito argument is not a β†’

Traning and placement project report on asp.net

There is mainly three users are company, collage and candidate.ompany comes in the collage for recruitment and the collage organize the campus recruitment program for the candidate. The company contact to the TPO of the collage for the recruitment and collage give the notice in the.

Determination of % yeild essay sample

A mole ratio is then used to convert the moles of the known to the moles of the unknown. According to Law Of, the law of conservation of mass is a law that says that the mass of the reactants will always equal the mass of the products.

Business plan of curves fitness commerce essay

Dedication and hard work of the founders will be another key to a successful performance as the founding team acknowledges the fact that it is them who will be the foundation of the business and it is them who will make the business move. The main operation of the business will be based on London β†’

The role of translation technology for independent translation

The remarkable rise in the amount of data to be translated, alongside accessibility of translation-memory tools, majorly has facilitated changes in the process of translation as well as work processes and associations with clients. This can be supported by the fact that the key use of machine translators is to locate the fragments of texts β†’

Advantages and disadvantages of joining a currency union economics essay

Savings are very large because of the elimination of the transaction cost connected to the exchanging currency, the taxes for countries that have most of the exports to the European counties only. Emigration has been as much as 2 percent of the labor force of the sending countries"- The prevention of competitive devaluations and speculation:- β†’

Broadcasting and programing 1150

First Copy Costs First copy costs in the newspaper industry are the fixed costs of owning a paper and printing the first one. To figure the first copy costs of a newspaper, the fixed costs and the cost of the paper and ink of the first issue off the press are added together.

Post partum hesi case study

Factors in Maria's history that contribute to the potential for hemorrhage include: overprotection of the uterus due to a large infant, the trauma of a forceps delivery, a prolonged labor, and the use of extinction. The first rule during a crisis is to stay with the client.

The focus on employee commitment and loyalty in hrm

During the 1990s, there has been a considerable degree of interest in the notion of " commitment" contrasted with the writings of the 1980s when many predicted the transformation of industrial relations and human resource management in response to such trends as more intense competition, the fragmentation of markets, new production technologies, new employee values β†’

An inspector calls – essay 14

Priestley's use of stage directions and dialogue are used to convey his concerns and ideas to the reader, which also interest the reader as well, as he builds up mystery from the abrupt interruption, to the mysterious character of the inspector.J.B. Priestly shows the inspectors authority and intimidation by a mix of clever use of β†’

Membership in peer groups essay sample

One negative aspect of being part of a group of friends is pressure to look or act in a certain way in order to continue to be part of the group. Organize a peer pressure retreat for a group of teens you know or work with, featuring activities that help teens understand and identify peer β†’

The stage if the circumstances so warrant; and

Sub-section of Section 25 requires that an application must be made by the wife or the husband who is party to the main proceeding, if she or he wants the incidental relief of permanent alimony and such an application may be made in the main proceedings either before or at the time of passing the β†’

Relationship between claudio and hero to that of beatrice and benedick essay sample

In The 1400's the Renaissance movement began in Italy, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. QUOTE Symbolizing the innocence and purity of the household and in particular Hero in the play.

The impact of union budget on indian economy

The research was carried out in the form of Event Analysis and 45 days before and after the budget, were considered to measure the volatility in the stock market. To study the likely impact of union budget passed in 2011, for the fiscal period 2011-2012, on stock market's and 5 sectors' performance.

The coca cola branding and packaging

Packaging is a very essential marketing policy to glamorize the product in order to magnetize the consumer's deliberation Sometimes packaging is so essential that it price more than the creation itself in order to lure the clients to buy it. A brand image pulls the customers and helps the product to get the market.

Union carbide behind gauley bridge

The Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, was America's greatest industrial catastrophe and has been hidden from most of the American public today.[1]In retrospect, it is incredible that the story of the digging of the tunnel near Gauley Bridge did not break until 1935.[2]Although much controversy was to surround the calculation of the project's human cost, a β†’

Rabbit proof fence

Noyce uses this camera angle and shot to inform the audience that the journey is going to be epic and that the landscape is a major character in the film. In Scene four where the girls are taken from the depot by Constable Riggs, Noyce uses sound effects of females screaming and crying, rapid intense β†’

The effects of low socioeconomic status

We can non state nevertheless that all pupils populating in a low socioeconomic country are of working category nevertheless the literature argues that bulk of pupils who live in low socioeconomic countries do non make every bit good in school than pupils from a higher socioeconomic country. In decision this paper has argued based on β†’

The break up men vs women philosophy essay

Although men and women treat relationships differently, and have different emotions along the way, in this paper I do not want to discuss the good parts of being " in love", I want to discuss the raw emotions of the dark side of relationships, the break-up. In my own personal opinion I believe men overall β†’

Comparison of the red room and farthing house ghost stories

The setting is usually in the dark where not everything is distinguishable and it is easy to play tricks on the eye. This is one of the key climaxes in the story and clues the reader into the fact that the dream may in fact be a prelude to ghostly goings on.

Child routine analysis

In order for society to function as a whole, everyone and everything has to work together and make sense. In order for society to function equally and the most stable, each person has a role in life, and that role contributes to making society function as a whole.

Malincho – college essay

Unfortunately, as a result, he made several mistakes common to new exporters failure to develop an international business plan prior to export; insufficient care in selecting distributors and partners; chasing orders instead of selective and orderly international marketing; and assuming that successful home market product and marketing techniques would work anywhere which ultimately played a β†’

Business ethics wages and working conditions commerce essay

That's why the prices of iPhones and iPads in America and Europe are so cheap. This is only possible because iPhones and iPads are made with labor practices that would be illegal in the United States.

Anglican water

The project team initiated a search for a suite of software tools to assist it in migrating its data and building the necessary interface applications, considering a range of options from Hewlett Packard and Constellar, and choosing ETI EXTRACT from ETI". After the successful use of ETI EXTRACT to generate over 30 interface and conversion β†’

Financial management argumentative essay

In the same way that MarksSpencer has been subjected to a five forces analysis, Vodafone's operations will also have to be subjected to an analysis that puts Vodafone's performance against the backdrop of the wider industry which in this case is the telecommunications industry. The company has had to invest millions in setting up its β†’

Us healthcare regulations and laws

The intention of the regulatory surveys is to spotlight on those areas that needs growth in addition to endorse superior access of health care to the community people. As technology persists to progress, subsequently will the need for regulatory agencies of federal to control health care organizations.

The way forward

What this essay aims to study is to compare the traditional form of MFI modeled after the Grameen Bank and the design of Self-Help Groups in India under the form promoted by the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development. SHG themselves have to be responsible for book keeping and rotating loans among a relatively β†’

Throughout most of maritime history commerce essay

The cardinal aim of this survey is to measure the current degree of productiveness at the Mauritius Container terminus and high spots constrictions that impede it. The study for this thesis is carried out at the Mauritius Container Terminal for the simple ground that most of the activities of the port are connected at the β†’

Factors that influence decision making commerce essay

Need to decide between the individual and group decision-making methods, the impact of the Group's and the employer's general leadership style decision. Good decision making is a skill that needs to learn and master, especially the leadership of the management team.

Analysis and critique of madeleine leininger

The purpose and goal of the transcultural nursing theory is to provide culturally congruent, safe, and meaningful care to clients of diverse or similar cultures. The theory is complex with a number of concepts and interrelationships.

The wife of bath as a feminist character

In The Wife of Bath and the Painting of Lions, Mary Carruthers supports this point when she says, "[w]e can thus reasonably suppose that the Wife did indeed own...all the property her husbands had given to her and that she was accustomed to trade in her own name". By being the dominant adult in her β†’

In what ways did the british government attempt to change the government of india from 1919 to 1939 essay sample

Dyer believed that the only way to stop civil disobedience was to eliminate it before it started and also thought that the usage of force was the only way to stop unrest in the area. The Amritsar massacre led to the formation of The Government of India Act in December 1919 which was originally put β†’

House of power westminster

In the first part of the essay I will establish relationship between the Executive powers, and how the structure of the secondary election of the Prime minister affects the power of Westminster. In the UK politics the election of the executive power it is make through the secondary election, elected by the elected members of β†’

The triple oppression of black females

Acknowledging the Eurocentric nature of the feminist framework Carby's analysis the four main areas of social life shows that they are not universally applicable and the voices of Black and Asian woman are not being listened to. Beginning with Patriarchy, the Woman's Liberation Movement argued that there was a need for Woman to be able β†’

An analysis of age gap relationships

Criticism of age spread relationships is similar in the manner which different races and homosexual twosomes are criticized, people look at what is on the exterior and non at what they truly are. Parents are frequently disquieted that when and if their immature boy or girl enters into a age-gap relationship, that the older spouse β†’

Benefit of body worn cameras for law enforcement

The fatal shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown Jr.on August 9, 2014 in the city of Ferguson, Missouri ignited an uproar of protest and lots of questions on the over insensitivity and militarized response of officers in Ferguson. By using body-worn cameras in this way, agencieshave the opportunity to raise standards of performance when it comes β†’

Addison and steele predecessors to modern media media essay

However, the true purpose of The Spectator was, ' to bring " philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea tables and in coffee-houses.' ' Addison devoted himself to the education of people. There are still some media that stay true to the purpose of β†’

Internet addiction especially for young people media essay

As the internet has become a major part of mainstream of life, some of the mental health professionals have marked that there is a percentage of people using the internet in a compulsive and out-of-control behavior. Patients are asked to count their total time of using the Internet in a log which is for the β†’

Dani tribe of new guinea history essay

Pigs were the most valuable property of the Dani and the women tended to them along with their children. Women are important to the Dani society for the work they can do in the gardens, for childrearing, and for the alliances that can be made with a marriage however they have no power to make β†’

Sociology assignment

This is what is happening in John's life as he very happy remaining in his own council flat even though it would make much sense for him to be put into a care home, here he can be cared for at all times but his decision is that he wants to live on his own β†’

Therapeutic effects and uses of caffeine

Caffeine acts as adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist and the blockage of these receptors in striatal basal ganglia is said to be the cause of the stimulant effect of caffeine. Introduction Caffeine is used as a recreational beverage in the form of coffee as well as a potent stimulator in form of energy drinks in β†’

Life stage analysis: maturity – old age

Factors specific to maturity Psychological and Sociological The death of a spouse is the leading cause of disruptive life-event stress and conflict [17] affecting the way an individual understands themselves and their role in society and the family. Marital status and the death of a spouse contribute to feelings of isolation and loneliness in the β†’

Be a swan, not a duckling

A friend to talk to, a friend to laugh with, a friend to cry with, a friend to fight with, a friend that will take the blame when your parents find out you had a party while they were gone. I do not think that being friends with someone means you have to hang out β†’

Effect of technology on public transportation

The following will discuss the evidence or otherwise of the social shaping of technology with regard to public transport in London and Paris between 1820 and 1990. Linked to the spread of the railways was the adoption of underground systems in both London and Paris.

What ridesharing on halloween can teach you about incentives

As they strive to match the number of cars on the road with the number of passengers seeking rides, they rely on computer algorithms to guide drivers and keep customers updated in real time. Halloween is one of the busiest nights of the year for Lyft," a Lyft spokesperson said in an email statement to β†’

Water pollution

My goal is to educate you on what is in our water, what we need to keep our lakes healthy, what we do to make that happen, and the effects of what could happen if we keep polluting. Zebra Mussels are a big threat to the animals and us.

Theology and spirituality in counseling assignment

The purpose of this comparison paper is to detail the model of the author through several segments that expound on the foundational constructs and implications of the authors' theory. The first step to change is to identify the emotions that exist in response to the problem resistance.

Drugs in the urban community

The ghetto is filthy and nasty looking; drugs have caused the used to be new, to look like a complete city that needs to be rehabbed. The city lacks funding to demolish the properties and the homes are often used for the production, sale, and use of illicit drugs, with drug gangs such as Young β†’

Obstacles to organizational communication

A good time to use deep breathing is right before you go to the front of the audience to begin your presentation. What action do you want your audience to take at the end of your presentation?

Southwest airlines employee branding strategy

This form of branding is such since employees need to grasp and experience the values s they are taught and practiced in the daily operations of the business. This is a very effective example of sustainable competitive advantage since employee branding in a large organization such as Southwest with thousands of employees create a positive β†’

Marketing assignment

Store Image Chapter 13 Store Layout and Design Store Image is the overall perception the consumer has of the store's environment. Elements That Compose the Store Environment Objectives of the Store Environment Tasks to create desired store image and increase productivity: 1.

Rome – college essay

The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire The City-state of Rome became a republic in 509 BC. The Roman army was the largest of the group though.

Charismatic leadership style of mahatma gandhi

It was due to rule of British in India which made him to fight against them and for this he needed to guide the Indian citizens to fight against them this made him to become the absolute leader and to use evil practices against the British. Since Mahatma Gandhi was very devoted towards his home β†’

The rise of nationalism in europe history essay

The main reasons for the rise in nationalism are the economic crisis by the EU, unemployment and illegal immigration. Germany was in a bad position since the building of the wall in 1961 by the communist to put a " stop" to the people of the East to move freely to the West.

The function of haitian voodoo essay

Thus, the institution of Voodoo and its rituals serve the necessary function of defining and reinforcing the morals, culturally accepted norms, and even the reality of those who actively participate. In the story of the Virgin of Ville Bonheur, Hurston tells of the woman who " lit in the fronds of a palm tree" and β†’

Annotated bibliography on learning and teaching

The book describes standardized testing as being outdated in this era, and it calls for an educational program that caters to the needs of all students. Consequently, this book is practical to both teachers and educational reformist as it not only highlights the problems in the existing educational testing programs, but it also recommends alternatives β†’

Sylvia plath’s work

She takes herself as the Jew and her father as the Nazi, who she wants to punish for leaving her in this world. She refers in a way to her own suicide and in fact, she is proud of the fact that she knows about her death.

The rise of the american mafia history essay

Introduction Prohibition has long been thought to have been the cause of the Mafia in America, though in reality it was the catalyst for bringing the mafia to the public's perception. From 1876 to 1890, the Italian government was seemingly split on the issue of the mafia till Representative Diego Tajani called out the Right β†’

Review the lenovo group limited commerce essay

Get downing from its functional sections Lenovo selected a group of cardinal professionals to have preparation in direction and sit for the PMP enfranchisement. In footings of the market consequences, Lenovo 's version of undertaking direction has improved the company 's nucleus fight with improved bringing and client satisfaction.

Listening exam – music history 1

The singer is accompanied by a lyre or other plucked string instrument The music follows the rhythms of the text The poem sung is an ' epigram' Uses vocal notes of the diatonic Iastian tonos There are major 3rds that begin or end the last 3 phrases There is a rising fifth at the opening β†’

Importance of human capital in economicdevelopment

Human capital formation: Human capital formation as described by Professor Harrison as "the process of acquiring and increasing the number of person who have the skills, education and experience which are critical for the economic and political development of a country." Human capital formation is the act of increasing the productive qualities of labor force β†’

Strategies

IBM would find out the hard way that the PC would rapidly transform the world into the Information Age in the business arena and in that of our personal lives. Abercrombie & Fitch was calling itself " The Greatest Sporting Goods Store in the World." It boasted the world's largest and most valuable collection of β†’

Education, culture and commerce exchange between belgium and china

Many of the topics are dealt with the problems of cultural contact and the exchange, of acculturation and enculturation, the transmission of scientific knowledge, etc. Chinese citizens are familiar with these brand which represents the long term relationship of the two countries, which Of course those relationship between China and Belgium can represent the China-EU β†’

Performance enhancing drugs and the banned substances list

Evaluate the suggestion that performance-enhancing drugs should be removed from the IOCs banned substances list Performance-enhancing drugs refer to substances that are used to improve any form of activity: ranging from physical to psychological performance in humans. Research also indicate that the use of these drugs is related to self-esteem, academic performance, use of other β†’

Coca cola company review essay sample

It was painted in 1894 in Cartersville, Georgia.* If all the Coca-Cola Ever produced were to erupt from the geyser ' Old Faithful' at its normal rate of 15, 000 gallons per hour, there would be enough Coca-cola to flow continuously for 1, 689 years.* The Coca-Cola Company is the longest continuous sponsor of the β†’

The unequal treaties provoke in china history essay

The success in modernising the Qing army and the superior military power of the West made the government realised the importance in strengthening its military force to suppress insurgence in the future. Inspired by the success of Meiji Restoration in Japan, the Self-Strengthening movement marked the start of industrialisation, resulting in the rise of middle β†’

Communication skillsexample

2 I think that Speech, Language and communication skills helps support a child or young's person development in the following area's because: Learning: I think that learning is support by speech, language and communication because allowing a child or young person to express themselves by use of language this allows them to release their thoughts, β†’

The use and abuse of snowdonia, a glaciated upland region essay sample

The glacial features of Snowdonia Glaciers have had a major effect on the landscape of North Wales and towards the east of North Wales this is no exception. There is also moraine on the sides of the valley, this is called lateral moraine as it is carried at the sides of the glacier.

Education in the uk: social policy changes

The return of conservative government in 1979 alleged that change was necessary in other to raise the standard of the British education system. This means that the conservative government believe the possible way to revive the education system was to take control of the provision and policy of education from the hands of local authority β†’

Political legal environment of vietnam economics essay

To improve the localization rate of automotive production, the Vietnamese government has introduced a series of measures, including the low-interest loans for domestic enterprises and preferential tax policies, replacing the original tax reporting on the import of CKD on the basis of the import tax rates of different parts, proposing preferential mechanism concerning manufacturing projects β†’

Accounting and financial management

The number of visitors to the NGA would depend largely upon the cultural tastes of the general public and their interest in viewing artwork held by the NGA. To cover the cost of NGA's capital, the government would need to provide a subsidy of $180 to the NGA for each paying NGA visitor and $200 β†’

Pregnancy induced hypertension

Quickening was felt at 20/52 POA and it was increasing in the frequency and intensity. Several investigation was done in this patient to look for any complication of pregnancy induced hypertension in the mother and the fetus.

Anarchy, nihilism and liberalism in dostoevksy’s demons

The invocation of the Slavophiles and their ability to strip him of his lectureship demonstrates the divide between the nationalist Slavophiles and the westernizing liberals. In his descriptions of Pyotr's group, Dostoevsky directly parodies the anarchist organization and revolutionary violence of Nechaev's movement.

Ethics and corporate responsibility assignment

The stakeholders within the Pharmacy scenario are the patients who buy the drugs, their families, the management, the government, pharmacists, nurses, psychologists, activists, the general public, the competing companies and suppliers and the " healers" and people of Colombia. All of the above stakeholders have a stake in the activities of the company and its β†’

The effect of higher education on police officers psychology essay

First, in regard to the attitude of the police, it has been shown those police officers with a college education less authoritarian and more open system of belief to officers without a university education. Importantly, it also noted that the nature of the major college had no effect on the results, suggesting that the experience β†’

Responsibility for healthcare between society and the family

The balance of responsibility for healthcare between society and the family societal versus family responsibilities " Responsibility for health: personal, social, and environmental " INTRODUCTION: The Family is the basic or functional unit of a society. The society has the responsibility of providing proper health services to the family and to a certain individual.

Porter 5 power analysis on information technologies sector

2010 indicators are examined, especially the growth exhibited in the hardware industry, software and information technologies, demonstrating the rise in the IT sector exhibited a growth by 6. Another problem is that despite the different sub-areas and expertise in the sector, this expertise and standards for the profession is the lack of titles.

How does tennessee williams present the character of amanda in the glass menagerie

For example, the first time that we see her attempt to sell the " Companion" magazine at the start of scene three, it is likely that we interpret this as no more than comic relief from the intensity of the previous scene, and an example of the " charm" she had spoken of to Laura. β†’

Internet’s affect on adolescents: a literature review

This proves the importance of researching how this extensive time on the Internet affects adolescents, who are its major consumers and are in a developmental stage of life." Adolescents on the Net: Internet Use and Well-Being" Kaveri Subrahmanyam and Gloria Lin This study was carried out to gain an understanding of the relationship between the β†’

Classical view of modern society: a comparison

Engels, a co-author, deemed that the The Communist Manifesto was exclusively the product of Marx's brilliance, and the book was Marx's. It was very clear in the opening of his essay, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, that he favored capitalism.

Flags of our fathers essay

The author portrays his message to the reader through his use of a personal recollection of the battle, and the events in the lives of each of the six men who came to be known as the flag raisers. The author is able to give the reader very detailed images of the lives of the β†’

Tnb-financial analysis essay

The Group mission is " We Are Committed to Excellence in Our Products and Services" FINANCIAL ANALYSIS The purpose of this chapter will cover the analysis of financial statement from year 1998 to 2007 of Tenaga Nasional Berhad to help evaluate the operating performance and financial positions. The company managed to collect its debt from β†’

Strategic management report on toyota

According to Winfield and Hay part of the strategic capabilities of Toyota includes the strategic capabilities of the supply chain. Another possible strategy for Toyota is to restore its benchmark for quality and reliability, which has been severely impaired with the second recall of 4.

Escapism and disassociation in the sun also rises

Just like those who are Maladaptive Daydreamers, Jake and Brett are constantly trying to dissociate and escape from the world around them, because they cannot bear to live the life they have post-war or stand to be the people they have become, this results in them further losing their sense of self and becoming more β†’

Challeneges and prospect of ghanian textiles

In 2007, two years after the company was shut down, the government of Ghana reactivated the company under a new name The Volta Star Textile Limited, with the aim of resuscitating the distressed textile industry. The research seeks to look at the prospects and challenges of the textile industry in Ghana.

The shipping news by annie proulx-navigating essay

At the beginning of the novel the protagonist Quoyle, is portrayed as a dysfunctional human being living in the dysfunctional town of Mockingburg. Agnis Hamm, Quoyle's aunt, successfully navigates and responds to the hanging global world in the novel, through the useful cohesion of the global and local.

Factors affecting human intelligence psychology essay

To achieve the following sub titles constituted as guidelines for the discussion; anatomy of human of intelligence, theories of human intelligence and factors affecting human intelligence Anatomy of Human Intelligence Human nature has intelligence that governs the human mental ability and to as cognitive ability. The roots of intelligence are biological and it is believed β†’

Frederick douglass: struggles of the american slaves

Although some people accused him of lying, exaggerating, and using his narrative and his well-known Fourth of July speech as part of an abolitionist plot, Douglass was able to clearly demonstrate his talents, sensitivity, and intellectual capacity by revealing the truth about the lives, culture, and psychological struggles of American slaves. It is instructive that β†’

The main aim and focus in psychodynamic psychotherapy

The process of change occurs as clients become more aware of the effects of the unconscious, including defense mechanisms that influence negative behavior, and hence more able to control their actions and responses in the future. Existential approach sees humans as being able to change and transform a negative lifestyle to a positive, living and β†’

Fasb takes up insurance accounting flashcard

For example the IASB on its part proposes a model for measurement that is based on a two-margin approach, the risk adjustment and the residual margin, where as the FASB proposes a measurement model that is based on a composite margin approach. This was one of the reasons why FASB and IASB engaged in a β†’

Importance of measuring returns in marketing

A decision to implement the performance measurement system should be made according to the organizational principles and model of the organization following the identification of the existing structure and functioning of the organization and the evaluation of the structural problems. Aims & Objectives Aim To identify and demonstrate the importance of measuring returns in marketing β†’

Details in the book bless me ultima

The feeling of being upset and upset is because both of his parents are dead and his sister's are prostitutes which is the main reason that he started to question the Catholic religion. When she came the beauty of the llano unfolded before my eyes, and the gurgling waters of the river sang to the β†’

Transformative technologies in education

This paper, will approach to evaluate and entail the benefits and risks associated the use of technologies have on learning and teaching in schools and communities. The use of digital technologies in education, exposes risks and potential benefits to the learning process of students, teachers and communities.