Quality Business Essay Examples for Your Learning

Fname lname research paper example

Concept of Wealth Over the years, the nature of wealth continues to evolve from mere survival to leading lives that are more comfortable, healthier, smarter and more organized. It builds self-respect and marks the achievement of a milestone in an individual's life. - Economic wealth: economic wealth refers to the accumulation of assets that β†’

Decision-making and marketing

After read the case, I am convinced that to successfully grow EMI medical imaging business and continue to reduce its dependence on the fickle and low margin music business, EMI has to succeed in the U. To successfully compete the U.S.-based GE, the top management needs to focus on and commit to the U.S. CT β†’

Good essay on entering the job market

I was charged with the duty to develop relationships at the executive level and managing the daily flow of work of simultaneous projects to make sure that the deliverables are completed on time in line with the strategies and the budget stipulations. The recent advertising agency that I worked with β†’

Global digital marketing market assignment

HTML Covered in this Report The Global Digital Marketing market includes the following major segments: Sales CRM, Marketing Automation, E-commerce, E-mail Marketing, Social CRM, WAC, and Web Analytics. The report covers the Americas and the MEME and OPAC regions; it also covers the Global Digital Marketing market landscape and its growth prospects in the coming β†’

Article review – apple watch

The watch is launched in the wake of good reputations and as such there is likelihood that the Apple Watch creates consumer value. A brand is the perception of a companys product that is tailored to stay in the minds of a good percentage of the targeted consumers and the watch according to the article β†’

Personal marketing plan

Personal Marketing plan Personal Information WALEED ALHARBI Phone number Email Personal address Country: Saudi Arabia PersonalObjective To get out and work with a lot of commitment and innovative ideas so that I can make money Preferred duties To work in the Information Systems Industry and business sector as manager of the Information β†’

Term paper on china and africa

China has therefore helped Africa to re-establish it self as source of valuable commodities for the Global market and also assisted to put a focus on Africa's politics and why it remains poor. China's interest in Africa isempiricaland obvious; it needs to secure oil for its fast growing economy and Africa β†’

Proposal for market for the australia university

Competition has been increasing and there is a need to maintain the present market share and as well to increase the market size to attract customers from beyond the traditional market area that THE UNIVERSITY has been serving. Some of the factors leading to stiff competition are Changing education trends Easy β†’

Goument to go- entrepreneurship case study sample

The aim was to serve a larger part of the population who end up having unbalanced or junk foods due to lack of options. Nature of the product and its characteristics? Goument to go is a fresh idea in grocery marketing. This is in consideration that customers need awareness of β†’

Sersvice marketing

On the other hand, they develop a more consummate customer service on line system, while staying at home; you can check our balance and recent transactions, making refund for member and non-member. With such expansion of service, octopus does not lift down the customer satisfaction level, the octopus cherish every feedback from their β†’

Farmers union iced coffee, advertisement

I do believe that the ad does have a negative side to it. Some of the scenes in the advertisement could be offensive to some viewers, for example, the Apollo 1 disaster in which all three of the crew aboard were killed in the fire, the feminist push in the 1970s where a man is β†’

Nursing exploring a life style age- health related issue essay

Menopause age related Further, she verified alluding to studies that while genetics play an important part in determining the age of menopause, individual behaviors are very significant in defining the age of menopause among women across cultures. Maintaining the natural attraction towards the opposite sex could be a psycho-social challenge many women face β†’

Marketing segmentation assignment

Explain how the various components of the macro environment influence the market dynamics, taking the examples of apparel and two-wheeler industries. Discuss the new product development strategies of MicroVAX.2.

Marketing strategy for ryanair case study examples

Four areas of SWOT analysis in which the marketing strategies can be defined include: - Lowest Cost Base - Fast turnaround times - Innovation - Market Growth and Market Share Gains Four Smart marketing objectives that Ryanair can pursue in the order of priority include: Service Excellence: Service differentiation is a strong marketing strategy β†’

Information about tattoos for public

History, advantages and disadvantages. Organization: FDA consumer health information Reliability goal/purpose & kind of information objectivity remarry or secondary source Goal: inform the public about most of information of tattoos; make them know more about tattoos. Com is a one-stop online source It should be primary source Goal: inform the public information about β†’

Jp morgan chase and bank one merger

Morgan Chase and Bank One Merger The J.P. Dimon was brought in as the head of the company and this is when the JPMorgan completed the acquisition of Bank One. The results of the mega-merger The mega-merger was a success because JPMorgan Chase & Co.is one of the largest and best-known financial institutions in β†’

The creation of brand personality

In a direct way, personality traits are associated with a brand by the people associated to that brand. The personality traits that of the people associated with a brand are transferred directly to the brand.

Good essay on struggling to align their knowledge with career needs

College students struggle in order to ensure that the knowledge they get in college should be aligned with the requirements of the interviewers. What makes students struggle is because of the fact that they have to appear to be relevant in the knowledge they claim to possess.

Marketing enviroenment

The five forces are the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers, the threat of substitutes and finally the industry competitors. Firstly, the threat of new entrants is the ability of new firms to enter the market which is decided by barriers to entry, and this β†’

Fashion retail management term paper examples

The selection of the materials was important since only few of the materials consisted of information about the operation of stores and their brands. This knowledge was collected through the review of comments made by the various users of the social media in regard to a specific fashion in the clothing market.

Good and service produced by nestle marketing essay

In addition, to the increase in the size of the Nestl Company, Nestl also has increased the variety in the different products they offer. The demand of the products is expected to be highly elastic, which means that customers are sensitive to the price of the product.

Key factors of effective advertising essay sample

Executive Summary This report defines and explains three advertising factors that make advertising effective: Market research Target market Media The specialized section deals with Internet advertising and how it makes advertisement effective, as well as the different purposes of Internet advertising, the advantages and the disadvantages of it.II. Media One of the most important β†’

Example of essay on plu=p

Trustee referred to as an interval that covers the unknown parameter with a given reliability. The method of confidence intervals by the American statistician Jerzy Neyman, based on the ideas of the English statistics Ronald Fisher. The confidence interval for distribution of random variable X with a confidence level of 100%-p", begotten by the

Mccain foods limited

The next step to be would to set up the plant in China, I would advise the company to locate in a place that does not cause any problems to the Chinese people and does not affect them in any negative way. Starting in any country with a negative image can be β†’

Answer questions

Thus though Japanese electronics have been the forerunner in many technological advancements ranging from smartphones, televisions and other similar gadgets, they have lost out in the marketing strategy and in meeting the requirements of their local and international consumers. Which environmental forces have strongly influenced Japanese firms such as Sony, Panasonic, Sharp, β†’

Segmentation and targeting

In the Harry and David site, segmentation has been achieved through development of a product mix consisting of; Gift baskets Flower and plant gifts Gift boxes Spring entertaining gifts Fruit of the month club gift collections Moose munch gift snacks and Royal Riviera gift pears The market for β†’

Ethical implications of target marketing

I feel that there is nothing wrong with trying to get a potential purchaser of an item or service is necessary to the success of a company or business. Is it ethical to market to target a certain group even though they may not have all of the information on the products or services just β†’

Market assessment

This is reflected in the numbers who are prepared to travel to go to a restaurant that they like, clearly indicating that the quality of the experience is of some importance. Operators in the eating out market have reacted to this and there is a growth in the number of venues that combine food with β†’

Viral marketing campaign ideas

Charles Schwab will help these 10 students to pay back their student loans by granting them each a gift of $1 , OHO. How will this Youth video be shared? ; Mainstream, Twitter, Faceable Why? ; Money cannot buy advertising like this. This campaign will leave customers with an immeasurable feeling that Charles β†’

Consumer satisfaction towards samsung television essay sample

It was developed personally and offered the latest information. The sample size of the study consisted of 100 respondents, 50 of whom are the users of the various brands of televisions and 50 who are the users of Samsung televisions. Secondary data was obtained from the existing information available in the form of β†’

Monster energy marketing essay sample

We can find several tastes with the same push up of energy (Monster energy, Ripper, Assault, Chaos..).the difference between all these drinks is either the taste or the composition.. The difference that monster made was not just about the drink but it also the presentation of their packaging, if we take a look at Monster's β†’

Conjunction worksheet

You can come to the meeting ____ you can hear all the information.a.So b. I refuse to pay anything _____ you do the work properly.a.So b.

Example of essay on media strategy

It will use articles from Forbes Magazines, one of the elites and most respected business magazines in the United States to address these concerns. Main Body In the article, " Three Elements of an Effective Social Media Strategy," it targets the negative concerns the Stanton Medical Group was facing. The marketing strategy is also β†’

Coursework marketing of services

The skill of the Marketing Manager lies in understanding how the four P's of the Marketing Mix interact, and using them in the most cost-effective way possible.The Marketing Plan is essentially a checklist for all knowledgeable marketers to simply re-asses, but gives a varied amount of data, and supportive evidence, to help keep the decision β†’

Smart product supply chain in china research paper examples

The multi-party system of cooperation identifies the functions and the status of the Communist Party of China as well as other eight political parties in China's politics. It underlines the relations between the parties and the political life of the country before and during the electioneering period. The government of China consists of political consultation β†’

Easygroup

He wanted to quadruple revenues to 100 million and 10 million in profit in the next two years to prepare for the planned initial public offering in the second half of 2004. In efforts to achieve this goal, easyCar was pushing to open an average of two new sites a week through 2003 and 2004 β†’

Example of essay on benefits and limitation of e-commerce on a grocery store

This compromises on the quality and efficiency of the business. Benefits of CRM to a hotel manager. The most significant benefit of using CRM in a hotel would be having all the customer's data and relative information stored and accessed in a single location, which will create a fast way β†’

Investment enhancement paper report examples

Wide diversification also leads to losses as a result of losses in the event of a portfolio dip and missed potentials for profits. After identifying whether to invest in international portfolio, one should evaluate alternative investment vehicles. A combination of a derivative market, international portfolio and evaluation of alternative investment vehicles to help investors further β†’

Final case guidelines

The food chain is located in America, Europe, Asia and Asia pacific, Middle East, Africa and other countries like Canada and Latin America. In McDonald's the use of management information system is used to create regular reports for example the number of employees that work in restaurants on a daily basis, the hours they put β†’

Good argumentative essay on advertising

The advertising targeted on children is under attack as it is supposed to be making children fuss and demand things that they actually do not need. - Explanation about how deceptive is the advertisements about hand sanitizers are would be presented here with supportive examples. - Advertisements related to Fast foods - β†’

International marketing plan guide

However, for a new entrant in the market the prices have to conform to the levels of pricing to the Qatar market, owing to sensitivity to new universities in the region and the need for quality education. After some time, the prices can be adjusted upwards when Marywood University has established a high acceptance in β†’

New factory

Analysis In the process of establishing a manufacturing company in Saudi Arabia, the government and all other authorities have to be notified of the intention such an idea. The growing market share of locally produced switches and sockets compared to the export is a sign that the new company is going to perform well in β†’

Stydy

Case Study The macro environment of the airline industry that BA and the airline industry operates in can be classified to be of duopoly. Connected to this, the environment, due to the growing need to carry out businesses and that of people to fly, really had a lot of opportunities for more airlines to operate β†’

Lowe’s with the help of vine a social

It showedways to fix a simple problem in a short amount of time. When you have a smallspace for 140 characters, 6 seconds or the length of a headline to grabsomeone's attention, the clips must be catchy and creative. I always am drawn to the As Seen on TV ads. The biggestfactors were convenience, ease β†’

Marketing planning and strategy (organizations or individuals) 1

27th February, The Role of Consumers in Marketing A marketing plan refers to a blueprint which is comprehensive and outlines the overall marketing efforts of an organization. According to Gilligan marketing strategy refers to a process that enables an organization to use its resources while taking advantage of opportunities with the aim of β†’

A consulting on the management of the murray- darling river report

Alongside this, the report indicates that in their efforts to provide ecosystem services and functions, industry stakeholders fail to allocate resources efficiently, more importantly, the report indicates that market failures results from nature of the market and the nature of goods and services produced and the nature of exchange used. The market-based instruments β†’

How social media benefits the hospitality industry research paper examples

Among the companies that are affected by the social media networks and closely follow them, in order to go with the flow and benefit the most of the new power arising from them, are the hospitality industry companies. 29, 2013 from: http://www.allthingsic.com/gatwickyamme/ DLA Piper , Social Media in the Hospitality and Leisure Industry.

Marketing segmentation and product positioning

This is why you need to be informed of the advantages of organic food. You will have more energy through consuming low levels of toxics and chemicals that slow your body down. Weaknesses People are unaware about organic food There is a rigid mentality of people to adapt to the change in their lifestyle.

Online restaurant promotions

On the other hand, the marginal costs for the restaurants are pretty low. The restaurants can have their own page that details the location, menu and reviews of customers on websites like CitySearch.

Marketing in travel and tourism essays example

In the following outline the core concepts of marketing, the factors that influence marketing in the travel and tourism industry, customer demands and satisfactions, and the ways in which the client market can be segmented, are discussed. 1. 2 Assess the marketing environment's impact on individual travel and tourism businesses and tourist destinations In β†’

Children pastimes

It was only a few years ago that traditional children's games such as Hopscotch, Dodge Ball, Hide And Seek, Tag, Doctor, I Spy, and many other games were the most popular amongst children. In Tag a child is required to catch another child and call " tag! " Hopscotch was one of the games that β†’

Recommendations essays examples

In the study of stock market prices, percentage change of interest and, the percentage change of market indices are key determinants in predicting the future performance of the stock market. The interest rates in these countries are favorable meaning there is stability in the stock market prices.

Marketing analysis of two leading brands

Later in 1995, they sold the business to the giant group Whitbread. The Costa Company was the first to introduce coffee shops in the United Kingdom. How do international firms like Starbucks and Costa Coffee react to the external elements in order to establish a marketing strategy?

Probability and hypothesis testing essay

Due to the fact that individual states contribute to the performance of the overall region, it is important to find the average score of the states in the determination of the regions score. Distribution of wealth and income in the United States.

Free research paper on troubled asset relief program (tarp)

On the same, troubled assets includes other financial instrument where the secretary under the consultation of the chairman of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System normally determines the amount of assets to be purchased and that are necessary in promotion of the market financial stability. This is applicable in the TARP program β†’

Adopting the marketing audit

Having identified some of the four aspects of the analysis in regard to the organisation, some recommendations will be made on possible conversion strategies. The marketing audit is formed of a range of element in order to asses both the internal and external environment within a business. The audit is a vital element of planning, β†’

Dove’s marketing strategy essay sample

In general, marketing is all activities of company, which tend to meet the customer's needs and suggest their needs in the market, to achieve the business targets of company. It is the organization's task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired product/service more effectively and efficiently β†’

Developing a strategic approach for crm marketing essay

In particular, CRM software packages aid the interaction between the customer and the company, enabling the company to co-ordinate all of the communication efforts so that the customer is presented with a unified message and image" ( Lancaster & Jobber, 2006.p. It is also the infrastructure that enables the delineation of, and increases in customer β†’

What do you think tolstoy would say about today’s consumption patterns in today’s developed countries? essay

And Tolstoy will probably say that this world especially the developing countries with such pattern of having conspicuous consumption can be very harmful to them in the end such that contentment could not be attained and could just be very passive for the inconvenience it would give when we want again something new. For Tolstoy, β†’

Various options hedging strategies

The difference between the strike prices minus the net cost options of the long and short options gives the maximum profit Ratio spread-This is an option strategy that has the aim of reducing risks associated with the movement of the price of the underlying asset with short and long positions offsetting. It involves β†’

Non-profit marketing

However, the current name was adopted in 1945 when it reorganized its overall structure, and created a research program for various cases related to cancer. Notably, the organization has a peculiar system of marketing that has resulted to high efficiency in the overall attainment of its goals and objectives. Through marketing, the β†’

Marketing report

MARKETING MIX By Introduction The marketing mix, like the suggests, is a business tool that mixes the controllable elements of a product's market plan commonly referred to as the 4Ps: that is price, promotion, product and place. A feedback system is necessary to know the customers' satisfaction and also get the thoughts of the customers.

What is rfid technology in what ways can it improve supply chain functioning

To get rid of these problems, companies are taking the global chain supply chain management more seriously and are eliminating informational and procedural bottlenecks to ensure increased efficacy in their timing of orders and making of inventory decisions. This paper discusses one of the most efficient and trusted method of ensuring inventory efficiency is attained, β†’

Telecommunication history in egypt marketing essay

But due to political, financial and war reasons, communications services were not on the top of priority list during the sixties and seventies, which caused significant failure in the efficiency, size and vision of the services provided. Mobinil is one of the most active and leading organization in Egypt.

The digital age for elementary children on african art – thesis proposal example

Worthy to mention, these companies are seen as an effective tool in not just educating the children about the established and known arts and cultures in the world but also an instrument to bring in the national identities of certain nations. In this sense, it is proposed that utilizing the untapped potential of digital media β†’

Harrah case study essay sample

Discuss the factors that drove Harrahs customer relationship strategy Lovemans goal was to increase revenue by gaining a larger percentage of the gaming dollars of their customers. Lovemans description of the Harrahs experience shows that a focused, strategy-driven data warehouse can help your organization cash in on the diamonds in your data mine.

Z-wing marketing plan

Concerning the issue, this paper will elaborate the marketing plan for a company named Z-Wing, the world's largest commercial and military manufacturer. The marketing plan aims at capitalizing the competitive advantage of Z-Wing in order to stay ahead of their closest competitors, Janssen that captures 47% of the market. Z-Wing is the world's largest commercial β†’

Evaluation of client satisfaction

Assessment of this population will involve interviews of the clients and analysis of behaviors of the clients. Following will be 15% of the population with mental health disorder and subject to family therapy.

Marketing

Thus Media stretched its product nine upward, started to offer customers higher-end products with higher prices. These new products filled the blank area of the Chinese microwave oven market, satisfied customers' different need hierarchies. These high-level attributes make it easy to distinguish the new product from the other low-end and low-price products existed β†’

Iso 9000, service quality and ergonomics stanislav karapetrovic

Introduction In the last decade or so, we have witnessed an explosion of quality-related standards and regulations. As a result of the continuous quest for better " quality" of products and services offered to customers, the International Organization for Standardization introduced the ISO 9000 series of quality management and quality assurance standards β†’

Free case study on netcare’s success in south africa

Netcare has also been so successful in South Africa because the doctors and the staff are well trained to provide the best service. Another reason for the massive success of Netcare Ltd is the branching out. The reason why Netcare has been successful in South Africa is because of the increase in the number of β†’

Case study example

Hint: this relates to the hypothesis of the experiment. The article comes to the conclusion that most people are base their sense of satisfaction and consumption on visual cues. In this form of advertising, the advertiser depends on the internet where the ad is placed in the context considering in mind the users experience.

Advertisements are a waste of resources

So if one competitor increases the extent to which it advertisers, others feel it is necessary that they do the same or at the very least engage in some form of advertising in order to maintain its market share or face the prospect of losing it. Theadvertisementrates during the Indian Premier League β†’

Managing big data in the organization

Some of the reasons why companies find it so difficult to handle these big data are because they are not using multiple approaches in handling it. Moreover, the best practices for handling big data are not put in place in many companies because involving business leaders in big data implementations is still an ongoing challenge. β†’

Good essay on workplace administration_assessment

Ebay is an online ecommerce marketplace that connects the buyers and sellers all over the world that can buy or sell anything using the online platform. - Workplace Roles and Responsibilities The workplace roles and responsibilities for the various employees in the online marketplace Ebay include the following: - Functionality of the Ebay platform including the β†’

Free topic

The plan is to prepare an analytical report of the problem at Wal-Mart, highlighting the impact on the business and making recommendations. Background Wal-Mart has been plagued by high rates of employee turnover and this has resulted in long check out lines in some cases while some of the company's store shelves remain virtually β†’

Micromax and its internationalisation

RICCABONI MASSIMO Faculty of Economics University of Trento In the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Degree of Masters In International Management Abstract Starting from the presentation of the main key figures describing Micromax Inc in 2010, the case goes back to the history of this player with a particular attention to the β†’

Tutti frutti essay sample

Tutti frutti frozen yogurt is a nutritious treat that it carries a goodness of probiotic, it is vital and natural components for health and promoting foods. Major competitor Side competitor Substitution competitor Tutti Frutti is facing little fierce competition. Based on our survey, one of key reason why β†’

Ethics in marketing research argumentative essays example

There are various conceptual aspects that revolve around the respective aspects in relation to the ethics in marketing research; these aspects normally define the relationship and the effective approaches that the organization should set. According to , the dynamism in the market environment is facilitating some of the unethical activities that some of the β†’

Example of market trends essay

Therefore, I will start by identifying my customers and competitors. After doing a research on the industry's competitive analysis, I have come to the conclusion that, the demand for good services is driven primarily by income, employment, and in the youth population. However, with a good strategic approach to the business, I will overcome these β†’

Marketing strategy kmart

Everyone Is not so willing to lend a helping hand and the fear of rejection or embarrassment Is can be In one's mind." There is a tendency to act as if it's a deficiency', Tugged & Seizer, , the author claims as if is people refusing to ask for help is like a phobia. β†’

Social media research paper examples

The traffic can be routed from the social media websites to the official website of the organization which can easily be monitored and measured. Targeted and niche market can easily be identified using the additional features of the social media websites which in long term can help to develop the target marketing activities (" The β†’

Global marketing project

Next they would want to identify whether the company has the internal ability and strength to meet the demand of the consumers of the market they are going to pursue. They would even want to know about the political environment of the nation and the rules and regulations that govern the nation, including rules and β†’

Marketing assigment

In early days AY Tale was involved in manufacturing small home appliance targeting one region of Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia and now in recent years company expand his manufacturing plants to across the four regions of Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia and become one of large home appliance manufacturer in Kingdom Of Saudi β†’

Holistic marketing framework

They feel that many people do not have the money to buy a Mercedes of their own but still they can ride in Mercedes that satisfy the transporter a lot.* The company's competency space- * The collaborators resource space- the two companies S Alam and Saudia merge together to exploit related marketing opportunities. Value creation β†’

The government action to restrict monopolization essay example

The degree of competition existing in the market can determine the distribution of wealth between the consumers, producers, workers, and others related to the system. The super normal profit of the monopolist is distributed among the large number of buyers and sellers in a competitive market.

Target corp strategic recommendation

The largest threat to target is that it is in a highly competitive market. There are a plethora of other stores selling the same goods, as well as the threats of counterfeit goods in the industry.Another threat is the potential of change in consumer preferences, creating a lack of demand for Targets β†’

Vitasoy anaylsis essay sample

For this marketing strategy I will be concentrating on expanding Sanitarium So Good Chilled Soy Milk's target market to influence dairy milk drinkers to begin drinking soy milk and to further increase the market of health concerned customers. I believe that trying to convince customers to try and continue drinking soy milk is a β†’

8 tips for producing advertising that sells

In order to create advertising that sells, you have to do your research first and then let that guide the way you write about your product. Then your advertising should be positioned to reflect the kind of business you are and the type of customer you want to attract. Always write in the language and β†’

Good article review on advertising: summary

The postmodern understanding of advertisement goes beyond the need to select what means of the platform to use. After all, the result is better when firms realize that there is only falsehood to which methods are best and in the conflict of print and online advertising. Since the main aim is to reach out β†’

Market segmentation in tourism

The benefit of market segmentation lies in a tourist destination being able to specialize on the needs of a particular group and become the best in catering for this group. Consequently, the aim of the actual segmentation task is to Group tourists in the way that is of most managerial value.

Free the main key points from the article are essay example

There is a decrease in consumption of local products by the local consumers that is greatly affecting both the factories and the farm products. 2. The high inflation rates and high wage rate for blue colour jobs have escalated the cost of production in the country making the local products more expensive.

Internaltional marketing

It is a fully functioning computer that can be carried or placed on a cart and moved around the place. Laptops can close the note right outside the room if you want to go ahead and have the patient leave before finishing a note.

Defining marketing paper

Definitions of Marketing My view of marketing is promoting an assistance or merchandise to increase potential customers who might need to pay for the service or merchandise. In think marketing services or goods to possible customers Is a grand for any organization to add clientele because if the customer does not typically buy β†’

Example of article review on discuss last portfolio

In addition, is the interest rate risk which comes as a result of global investment. This is because such share holdings move at a faster rate than those of foreign markets and thus stand in a better chance to get the full benefit of diversification. On the other hand, it is recommendable to consider diversifying β†’

Cause related marketing

Cause-Related marketing is a two way process in which a business is approached by those whoa re working for a cause and so in collaboration, the company markets its goods or services using that cause and end of the day a decided portion of the profits goes to the cause. On the other hand, It β†’