classical conditioningIvan Pavlov’s method of conditioning, in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulusstimulusanything that elicits a response ONPSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 7 PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder Nowresponsea reaction to a stimulusunconditioned stimulusa stimulus that automatically elicits a response, as meat causes salivationunconditioned responsean automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, such as salivation to meatconditioned stimulusa previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural (or unconditioned) stimulusconditioned responsea response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning-for example, salivating at the word picklestimulus generalizationprocess in which a response spreads from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the originalextinctionthe gradual loss of an association over timespontaneous recoverythe sudden reappearance of an extinguished responseoperant conditioningconditioning that results from the individual’s actions and the consequences they causereinforcementsomething that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that responseprimary reinforcementsomething necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a rewardsecondary reinforcementanything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer, such as moneypositive reinforcementreinforcement that involves strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasantnegative reinforcementreinforcement that involves strengthening a response by following it with the removal of something unpleasantpunishmentthe process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequencesgeneralizationa behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar onediscrimination learninglearning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; the reverse of generalizationshapingthe process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of itchainingreinforcing the connection between the parts of a sequencecontinuous reinforcementreinforcement given each time a behavior occursschedules of reinforcementdifferent methods of reinforcingpartial reinforcement schedulereinforcement not given each time an act is performedvariable ratio scheduleschedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of timesfixed ratio scheduleschedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of timesvariable interval scheduleschedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a variable amount of timefixed interval scheduleschedule in which reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a fixed amount of timesocial learninglearning from the behavior of othersobservational learninga form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of otherscognitive approachan approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledgelatent learninglearning that is not obvious but goes on under the surfaceexpectanciesbeliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired rewardreinforcement valuethe preference for certain types of reinforcement over other typescognitive mapa mental image of where one is located in spacestrategiesmethods for solving problems
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