Quality Art & Culture Essay Examples for Your Learning

Three essential elements of the baroque style in arts

Three Essential Elements of the Baroque Style in Arts The baroque spirit defined the characteristics of the arts in the 17th C in Europe and as such, was a style that developed in the European region as well as its colonies. Therefore, some of the essential elements that characterized the baroque period included β†’

Mystery images

That is may be the way significant or respected people dress in that community. Mystery image two shows the combination of modern technology and traditional building. The choice of either traditional or modern buildings or to merge the two is optional. Mystery image 3 is compared to picture on page 27, fig 1 labeled' nature β†’

Visual & art

This is evident both in the statement found below the portrait and the entire image depicting a militia combatant while in the battlefield. This is to induce and assert the aspect of tension expressed by the statement appearing below the portrait.

Theatre assignment

The setting of this movie in the wilderness brings out the rugged terrain and the environment of a farm where the bride is not used to. The performance is done in a open space so as to show the vastness of the farm.

Origins he was included for incorporating illusion in

Op was designed to provoke sensations in the spectator bytricking the human eye. Illusion is common to art, but Op exploited thecapability of the viewer to complete images in their mind by effecting thenormal perceptual process. He applied the term cinetic art notkinetic art. Cinetic art referred to the illusion of movement.

Example of essay on louis vierne: sonata in b minor

The melody is very pronounced as is the articulation of the beat which demonstrates a certain clarity and this was definitely brought out by Matsumo in her fiendishly effective playing. The concluding Allegro molto was also quite effective with the tempo whipping up proceedings and once again I was very impressed by Matsumo's technical prowess β†’

Analysis of dear white people movie

The president of the house is black but he is dating a white girl who is the daughter of the school's president. Later on he loses his presidency in the house and another black student who is the main character of the movie becomes the new president of the house.

Discussion

A view of the painting creates a feeling and thought of desert-scape that inherently gives the sense of safety and satisfaction of being within the landscape generated by the art. The painting depicts an unbearable moment of quietness with significantly no observable movements amongst the elements. The event significantly marked a social phenomenon that resulted β†’

Psyche (2010) by donald lipski

Lipski has set up public arts everywhere the country, each a reflection of the site and the people who infiltrate it. Psyche Psyche is inactive in the " knuckle" domain joining the old with the new building up. Retrieved from: http://www.culturenow.org/entry & permalink= 07865 & seo= Psyche-the-butterfly_Donald-Lipski-State-of-Colorado-Public-Art-and-Auraria-Higher-Education-Center-

Nicola pisano and the pisa pulpit essay

The five faces of the pulpit divide the life of Christ into five scenes; the Nativity, the Annunciation, the Annunciation to the Shepherds are put together in the first relief, the Adoration of the Magi, the Presentation, the Crucifixion and the Last Judgment. The opening two panels are mainly inspired by late Roman sculpture, defined β†’

Journal 4

The man painted in the middle of these paths is representing all the races in the world and possibly religions. Part B: Rivera's work of art seemed to be representing the cultural wars that exist today. His style of painting can best be termed as New Realism since it is far from representing the academic β†’

Film analysis paper

And Oliver Reed and Richard Harris are the other significant actors in the film. The film Gladiator is interconnected with the Roman power and ruling strategies and the life style of the people placed and different categories. Gladiator: Witchcraft, Propaganda, and the Rise of the World Hero.

Describe this pic

6 November Wooden Art Sculpture The photo chosen was of an art piece of a sculpture of a man made of wood. While it is not a work of art that I would ever place in my home, it is truly a piece that makes you stop and just look at it in awe.

Jean-michel basquiat and his artistic journey

His mother instilled a love for art in him by taking him to art museums in Manhattan and made him a junior member of the Brooklyn Museum of Art. At the age of seventeen, Basquiat dropped out of high school therefor getting kicked out his household by his father, which forced him to stay with β†’

Lavventura by michelangelo antonioni

Anna returns to a rural extreme of Italy, at the boundary between earth and sea, and her disappearance there causes hardly any impact to the environment or to the characters in the film. The great achievement of L'avventura was to capture the mood of a particular time in Italy.

Personal opinion essay sample

Japan-UK 150 is a series of events in celebration of 150 years of friendship between the two countries being conducted in the UK. This is a wonderful opportunity to learn about the two cultures and to gain an absorbing insight into traditions and cultures of the two worlds. These presentations bring out β†’

Jasper johns target with plaster casts

Johns believed that abstract expressionism void the real meaning from the art objects and thus preferred to express his work through Dadaism the integration of both the medium and the visual art to understand its meaning. Hence, it challenges the viewers to redefine the stereotypical representation of the arts and look at it in a β†’

Psychology at the movies: the film awakenings with robin williams

The visual field of the floor tiles has created two visions that helped Lucy to gently stride near the window. Question 3 Music is a pivotal therapy for patients to nullify the outcome of the disease. The implementation of music improved the response to stimuli. Question 4 The role of music for the β†’

Research paper on jazz- storyville: the greatest party of all-time

Oliver used to play jazz music in different brothels, clubs and bars of Storyville and also used to perform in private functions. Storyville sheltered jazz music and jazz artists in the time of their struggle.

Tears of the black tiger: a critical analysis

There is the opposition from the girl's family and a band of bandits to threaten the lives of the altruistic hero and his beloved. Admittedly, the film is a go back to the Thai action movies of the 1960s. However, the drama is so high that one forgets the campy side of the film, and β†’

Zhang xin

On the other hand, green symbolizes perseverance and healing. Zhang use of these colors on his artwork symbolizes the unity of the human beings which he relates with history. The dark colors on the painting reflect painter's idea of preventing access to the past and by incorporating such colors and war materials such as armor, β†’

Graphic design impact on fashion

The crucial developments of graphic design in the bigger area of fashion are well articulated and the reader can really appreciate what design is doing to fashion. It is appropriate as it looks also at the plight of women in the field of design and fashion. Rick Poynor." No More Rules: Graphic Design and Postmodernism".

Comparison of post impressionism and abstract expressionism essay examples

I like it because of its use of the blending of color, the texture it creates, and their ability to capture the emotional feel of a subject. Three of the artists who exemplify post impressionism are Van Gogh, Gauguin and Cezanne.

When harry met sally

The attitude and behavior of Sally were positive, and she was of the opinion that gender discrimination is not required for friendship. The experiences faced by the two were bad, and the climax of the movie came forward when the expressions of both were communicating that they had fallen in a friendship.

The differences between classical and modern theater

Modern Theater Though the drama in the ical times appears similar with those of the modern plays; the classical theater as compared to the modern are quite different. While the modern theaters are unnecessarily complex, the classical theaters were just so simple with a great influence on any performance that was conducted on it.

The biography of andy warhol

In which he did, he was the first member of his family to go beyond high school. During his college days, he was casual drop the ' a' in his name to make it sound cooler.

Example of research paper on the invisible dragon

What he calls " intellectual temper tantrums" is an introduction of earlier essay's context. In a new essay " American beauty" , is the conclusion of the volume with a historical argument that rouses to the inherent democratic nature that attends to beauty." He writes with a verve that is very rare in most serious β†’

Through well known painter of native american imagery.

The main aspect i want to take from his work is the cultural guilt caused by becoming a dominant culture and how this affects the people within the culture, the ways we try to preserve these subjugated ways of life and how that trickles down into mainstream life, through curios and tourism and the salvage β†’

Women in mildred pierce and sunset boulevard

Women in Mildred Pierce and Sunset Boulevard In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the entire world was recovering from the devastating effect of the Second World War. The implication is that Mildred's painful and heartfelt efforts can never be enough for the new generation of younger women, and this is played for maximum cruelty: β†’

Reading response

It may be that, Andy tried to compare a man with art may be to try to show that it is a man's thing. In this case therefore, art and gender are intersect in such a way that, the same way art can be anything a person considers it to be, gender is also determined β†’

The art deco

After 1925, designs were mostly influenced by the changes in art and innovations in the period between the two wars. Architecture, graphics and paint also incorporated art deco. Mathematical geometric shapes formed the basis of the structure of most Art Deco design patterns.

Kara walker: artist

MacArthur Foundation in 1997 wherein the record shows that she is the youngest recipient of the said genius grant at the age of 27; her representation in Sao Paolo Biennial in Brazil in 2002; and this year's inclusion of her name as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World Entertainment and Artists β†’

Art & architecture essays example

However, these time periods have many similarities as well as differences. The social and cultural similarities between the Northern European Renaissance and The Italian Renaissance are that both of them have chosen the religious figures and stories of Christianity as their basic artistic premise. However, the training for any specialty was lengthy and involved sequential β†’

Interrogating the denver art museum

The experience with the exhibit imposed a great challenge to the traditional forms of art museum exhibit design and was loved by a good number of visitors. The experience with the exhibit imposed a great challenge to the traditional forms of art museum exhibit design and was loved by a good number of visitors.

American fashion in 1980’s through today

This is not to say that celebrity promotes all fashion trends. The beginning of 1980s marked a beginning of new fashion trend for both women and men. In 2010s and beyond men fashion trend of early 2000s seem to be repeated.

Movie review

In other words, the fact that she was able to retain her place which she later rejected shows that she did not want accept the unfair actions of the senior management with regard to ordinary employees just like her. As for the second movie, I think that the ending reflects the personal evolution of the β†’

Cubism and the 20th century modern art art essay

Tonic scope and lighting was no longer to a great extent relied on but the representation of natural and bogus textures made a batch of cubist art works appear haptic even though the surface of the canvas remained level. But, as more boundaries were crossed and the classical manners of representation seemed but a distant β†’

Chinese history and political science

It is an artistic work that has existed over the years and has been used in various states to symbolize various things. The Chinese landscape painting is a painting that is most treasured and is kept at high regards by the people of China since it represents a lot. Chinese landscape paintings are painted with β†’

Caravaggio’s contributions to the development of the baroque style essay example

It is due to this that his contributions were forgotten until 20th century that his contribution to the development of Baroque style among other Western art. Baroque is an Italian style that was developed in the Mannerist era and Caravaggio is considered as the pioneer of this style. The picture β†’

Discussion

The two pieces of art to be discussed in this paper are the Temple of Athena and The Arch of Constantine, both of which are three-dimensional works of art. The Temple of Nike Athena.

Leonardo da vinci in our life

The " Mona Lisa" painting is a good example of his work which contributed to the development of art in the Renaissance. Leonardo dad Vinci is one the most prominent individualists lived in the Renaissance era and contributed a vast amount of scientific discoveries and beautiful works of art which are genius and timeless.

Youtube video and comic pages summary

In other words, we need to be able to look at something and see two of the three: a word, a reasonable image of reality, or a picture of some sort. 150-word summary of Youtube video The video from Center for Media & Social Impact titled " Fair Use is Your Friend - Remix β†’

Find a good website containing information about louis xiv, the sun king as a dancer. (middle ages and renaissance)

of the Visual Arts and Film Studies of the Concerned January Louis XIV, the Sun King as a Dancer Source Website Louis XIV and the Birth of Classical Ballet. 1 January 2013. http://californiaballet.wordpress.com/2010/05/24/louis-xiv-and-the-birth-of-classical-ballet/.Web. Summary The given website elaborates on the contribution of Louis XIV, the Sun King of France to the fine art of β†’

Nude descending a staircase versus mystery and melancholy of the street

The lines are effective in showing motion because of the ease to detect from the painting that the movement rotated in an anticlockwise direction, which is from the upper left to the lower right corner. Similarly, Melancholy and Mystery of a Street painting focus on contours because of the great color use. In the painting β†’

Annie hall

At an instance, the coverage is two-thirds of the screen. Besides the innovative techniques applied in the film, there are instances of realism applied by the directors and that reveals postmodernism. The ordered nature of the storyline that is characteristic of many films is defied in the movie.

The for album divide as best pop

The nominees for Best Pop Vocal Album were: Kaleidoscope EP ColdplayLust for Life Lana Del ReyEvolve Imagine DragonsRainbow KeshaJoanne Lady Gaga& Ed SheeranEd Sheeran was the only male nominee in the category of Best Pop Solo Performance and was able to win it. He also won the award for his album Divide as β†’

Urban studies

From the book, it is evident that Mumbai is a place of festering grievance and ambient envy despite the fact that its citizens are full of hope and ambition. These chapters are simple, and despite the deeper rooted possibilities of what they might be trying to convey, they are a typical case prototype. The chapters β†’

Good essay about the paintingthe raft of meduca

Even without a slightest knowledge on the background of the depicted story, it is possible to feel the desperate and pessimistic mood and emotions conveyed through the painting. However, only knowing the pre-story and the governmental impact on the tragedy is it possible to embrace the message conveyed in the painting, since Gericault, as a β†’

Visual analysis

The little clouds encircling the bottle and the words also give an appealing view that wins the attention of a person easily. The advertisement is in the most appropriate color palette. It is only fair to say that the paint convinces a person to take the drink and get the energy.

Yet, , and depended on jewish researchers for

They were disavowed by the Lutheran Church building MO Synod in 1983 and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in 1994. The conclusion of the Middle Historic timeframe procured little adjustment Hebrew ' situation in Europe , and the Catholic Reclamation reestablished unfriendly to Jewish depiction and braced the course of action of ghettoized shutting β†’

Discussing an artwork

The painting's magic is apparent where Botticelli created a relationship between green of the sea and Venus paleness. The slow descent of the pink flowers reveals that the air around Venus is still and warm.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: the difference between art and non-art essay

The Court decided that the NEA was within its rights to turn down grant applicants on the basis of decency - this did not constitute a violation of their freedom of speech. Although it is helpful to understand the restrictions and qualifications that the legal system places on art and artists, it does not help β†’

Deerfield massacre response

Asa music fanatic, the protagonist is featured in a lonely room in which he records his music and dances to the tunes. The lighting technique was appropriate and realistic because, a part from suiting each of the scenes, it managed to manipulate the moods of the audience based on what the actors were doing. In β†’

The core by john amiel

So, a team of six top-notch professionals was sent to the center of the earth in a specially designed vehicle named ' Virgil' to initiate commencement of the rotation. The movie raises certain questions among the industry which might be stated as below: The voyage of the six top referred professionals (which included scientists, astronauts, β†’

American history x

Some of these issues include racism, discrimination of minority groups, intolerance, the issue of illegal immigration and the role of correctional facilities. He laments on the fact that the federal government has to spend a colossal sum of money on the services of people who have no right to be in the country.

The learn. the galway arts festival takes place

Themission statement of the idea, in its most basic form is to promote Irish art, to increase career opportunities for Irish artists and to also cement andstrengthen Ireland's global profile and reputation through the arts. There areseven actions in this policy. This act not only ensures effective promotion but italso means the ability to track β†’

Art history and visual culture critical thinking examples

Question 1 The Renaissance is the period of the emergence of the individual artist and of art becoming more and more realistic. The vivid colors of the painting and the treatment of light and shadow emphasize the surface and texture of the different objects and individuals, a traditional skill of the Northern artists. β†’

Examples (camera shots, camera angles, transition)

This transition easily brings out the contrast between the boys black color and a majority of the white students in the class. The next scene is of a naughty boy trying to intimidate the new boy. This is also done to bring out the comparison of the class demography.

Political and art

Summary and Reflection According to John Frohnmayer's article " Censorship and its Progeny", the First Amendment's acknowledgement of the freedom of conscience requires the public to protect anyone who speaks against the flag as they are given the right of speech. Judgment against such speech in different countries was harsh to the extent that individuals β†’

Dorothea lange: life, biography, photos

The main reason I choose her was because, she was a women and I thought I could probable wright better about her for that reason. Dorthea was born in 1895 and died in 1965. Her first independent work was taking pictures of native American's in the southwest with her first husband Maynard Dixon. In the β†’

Dance history

His ballet dance is presented as one of the initial moves that avant-garde composers, writers, and painters join forces in creating a ballet. The revelation in this case is that Cunningham is both a great collaborator and a terrific partner in dancing. Cunningham also emphasizes on the loosening of the spine of a dancer. Hodsons β†’

Joseph beuys

When all classroom subjects are interlinked with the art and design curriculum, it helps students to become succesful learners in all the disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to highlight how art and design is not restricted to the art room, all subjects in the curriculum involve some aspect of creativity, and why this β†’

Classical music concert review

Since the very early days of this band in which, Leopold Stokowski used to stand over the podium, the dark and luscious string melody has been the fundamental identity of the Philadelphia Orchestra. This reminded the audience of the masks and marble of the Greek tragedy.

Baroque and rococo

This research paper compares the Baroque and Rococo art styles in the renaissance periods. Baroque art style in the renaissance period was inspired by the idealism while Rococo art style was inspired by the 18th Century political changes in France. Additionally, Baroque was the uttermost synonymous art style with the Counter-Catholic Church Reformation art of β†’

Resident evil

In her role, Alice, manages to play a masculine role through her violent action of killing, fighting and shooting zombies throughout the film. In addition, a feminine touch is given to Alice in Resident evil through the depiction of her being a beautiful woman, and in addition, always being in a tight sexy outfit.

Practicing curiosity

The most interesting lesson I learnt from it is about the dedications and commitments put by Daniel in his music career. As a pianist, he acknowledges his disapproval for the band wagon and instead, adopting and subscribing to his own school of thought.

Video response

Video Response: Running Fence al Affiliation Video Response: Running Fence What far reaching results did the Running Fence Project have on the local community? The Running Fence Project reportedly undertaken by Christo and Jean-Claude in 1976 apparently energized the local community in such a way that it enhanced the aesthetic value of the landscape where β†’

Journal of korean melodrama christmas in august (1998)

Number] Christmas in August Christmas in August is a 1998 Korean film directed by Heo Jin-ho whichwon the hearts of the audience as well as the critics. This is a strong point in the film itself.

Informative speech insomnia

I am going to tell you three ways to help put your insomnia to rest. One of the ways to relieve insomnia is to reduce your stress.

Discussion

However, the classical and monumental nature of Seurat's Sunday on La Grande Jatte painting received support from various artists and viewers. Discussion 2 Sleuth discusses Van Gogh paintings, his life, and presumed madness in the art. In addition, Gogh's nature of painting the Venus, moon, and landscape in his art shows how he viewed β†’

Identity in korean contemporary art

Answer Q).using concrete examples, please discuss the issue of identity as presented in Korean contemporary art Contemporary Art: According to dictionary the meaning of literal meaning of contemporary art is the modern art but generally it includes the art from the World War II till the present or modern art Uniqueness in art, particularly β†’

Romeo and juliet vs daylight essay

The first example of this is that both are required to leave their loves when the sun rises. When Romeo and Juliet wake up and see the sun rising, Romeo says, " jocund day stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops". The sun coming up is a sign to Romeo that he will have to β†’

Piet mondrians work and his insistence on primary colors

Piet Mondrian's work and His Insistence on Primary Colors Introduction Piet Mondrian was born in 1872 in the Netherlands and was an early proponent of the De Stijl movement, which came to found a form of art known as neo-plasticism. Even the sparseness of the title Composition speaks to the nature of β†’

If indie writers and filmmakers and show them

It requires ahuge amount of inspiration, discipline, consistency and commitment to mention afew. However, the benefits that come with being an independent writer orfilmmaker are immense as it will put you right in the career you are passionateabout, get you massive media attention and give you an avenue to impact thelives of a lot of β†’

Analysis of brokeback mountain

The adaptation of any story into a film is of a very difficult and challenging task and if the story is the masterpiece then it is a Herculean task for the entire team involved in the film making the process. Proulx in the entire story insists the readers accept this story as a love story β†’

Michelangelo di lodovico buonarroti simoni

He was a marvel of his time.." He was celebrated as the greatest artist ever because of his great work in the areas of sculpting, painting, drafter, architecture, andpoetry". His drawingcareerlasted over seventy years, and he was able to change his style to fit the period of time.

Example of the national endowment for the arts essay

These events are beneficial to the neighboring and high schools in attendance in developing their artists as well as entertain them. References: National Endowment for the Arts 2013 Spring Grant Announcement. Retrieved from http://www.nea.gov/news/news13/ArtWorksMarch2013CouncilByDiscipline.pdf National Endowment for the Arts 2013 Art Works Research Grants.

Portfolio of chinese contemporary artist cai guo-qiang

It is about the pain and bliss of aggressive explosions - celebratory fire-works versus deadly car bombs. " I want to believe" significance comes from modernity, secularism and human kind." I want to believe" shows the truth of the era and also increase the awareness." I want to believe" is the creation and β†’

Good sociology article review example

Later his expectations crossing the seventh sky, he declared that people who want to see the sculpture near the bank of a lake need to pay his desired amount. He was declared as false artist. In the case of sprayer of Zurich, we see the clandestine graffiti transmutation into an artwork & the night reveller β†’

Portraits from 1480-1560 – beauty and power

Through the use of portraits painted centuries ago, it is possible to draw a conclusion in regard to how both men and women were expected to behave. In his argument, Leonardo is right to state that the paintings had power over the mind of men.

Vincent van gogh

Gogh was the son of a pastor, and was raised in a very conservative and religious environment. He brightened his work with the use of intense colors, and thus developed a unique style of art that gained him immense recognition and praise in Arles in the year 1888. Gogh made most of the best-known pieces β†’

Social commentary

Importance of Natural Beauties and Human Effects on them The natural beauties include all the green plants, trees, rivers, mountains and every other thing, which contribute to provide the life for the living organisms. The disposal or the waste material of the people destroys the natural lands and the greenery of any place.

Journal one

I believe that art has the power of opening a person's mind and widening their imagination. This always allows the person to have fascinating thoughts that enable reading deeply in to another person's art. This piece of art will mean something to the viewers and it will express the artist's feelings.

Cover letter

I have a long standing interest in drawing and I believe that I possess the skills required for this post. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss further, my application with you and to this end, I have attached my curriculum vitae to further acquaint you with the specifics of my background.

Postmodern art – late 20th century style

Postmodern Art The Encyclopedia of Art defines postmodern art as " a late 20th Century style and conceptual theory in the arts and architecture, characterized by a general distrust of ideologies as well as a rather wouldifficult' relationship with what constitutes art" [EncND]. The website OnPostmodernism stressed that " postmodernist art is characterized β†’

Review on two paintings of monet

The House seen from the Roses Garden The House seen from the Roses Garden Claude Monet was among the founders of French Impressionist paintings. The subject of both of these paintings is Monet's house in Giverny. The first painting is the view of his house from the rose garden.

Film and social change in china

Film and Social Change in Chaina Thesis This article examines the changes in the film industry in China that have been brought about by the social changes that have taken place in China. Method Research on this article has been conducted on various analytical bases. They have then related the content β†’

Kevin as the chartres cathedral is located

The cathedral was completed in 1220. Artist: Gislebertus is the artist that sculpted the the figures on each portal of the church. It supported the building by transferring the weight of the roof away from the walls and onto the flying buttress surrounding the edifice.

Andy warhol

At the age of 8, Warhol was diagnosed with Chorea a rare and sometimes fatal disease of the nervous system that left him sick for several months. It was during these months, while Warhol was sick in bed, that his mother, herself a skillful artist, gave him his first drawing lessons. By using β†’

The office season 5-episode 12: the prince family

The notion of hurting the Prince is disturbing him so much because it is Michael's wish to have such family and for the first time, he can empathize with their demands. The use of ethos is clear in episode twelve, the office in that it is possible to observe that Michael developed a guilty feeling β†’

Community college of denver

Psyche by Donald Lipski Once entering the lobby of new Auraria Scientific Building, one can see a huge butterfly slowly fluttering under the ceiling and shimmering in the light with gradations of yellow and red colors. This is Psyche an installation created in July 2010 by artist Donald Lipski together with technical support team of β†’

Free essay on examples of steichens photographs

Nicephore's knowledge of photography was crucial as it influenced the later photograhers who ventured into the fill of photography. The History of Photography: From 1839 to the Present.

Aztec

The states were the ones in control of markets and distribution of wealth to the needy areas. Their trade systems did rely on the extensive slave trade and tributes while the basis of wealth was heavily dependable upon the exploitation of other people. The decline of the empire did end after the influence of the β†’

Good article review on art document review

Through her silence and stillness she was able to translate the fluidity of art into masterpieces. The colors she used draws people into the sincerity of the story she is trying to share with her audience.

Visual language: reading symbols and narratives

Given below are the earlier versions of the Starbucks logo. Earlier Versions of Starbucks Logo The first version of the companys logo was brown in color. In this logo, the company removed the words of Starbucks and Coffee by spreading the mermaid all over the logo.

Untittled

Holding the sculpture is more interesting; feeling the smooth texture and the rhythmic curves made on the upper part of the body. The artistic objectives intended by the artist are brought out clearly and excellently in the choice of color. Considering that the sculptures have a small size and almost similar to a vase, implies β†’