activation-synthesis hypothesisAccording to the ______, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. shows that dreams are produced by the pons, which inhibits movement and sends signals to the cortex
unconscious conflicts stemming from childhoodFreud used dreams as a way to get at patients’…
-phobias
-brain waves
-unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood
-susceptibility to psychoanalysis
withdrawalPhysical sensations, such as nausea or extreme pain, that occur when the body is trying to adjust to the absence of a drug are called:
narcoticsdepressant drugs derived from opium poppy
minor tranquilizers_____ are commonly used to tread anxiety
cannabis____ dependence is the most common in the U. S. after alcohol and nicotine
40about ___% of people are good hypnotic subjects
social cognitivethe ________ theory of hypnosis assume that people who are hypnotized are only playing a role, and are not in an altered state
hypnopompic hallucinationa hallucination that happens as a persons in e between stages of being in REM sleep and not-fully-awake
biological rhythmheartbeats are examples of what?
REM myththe idea that people deprived of REM sleep will be come paranoid and seem to be mentally ill
narcolepsyDavid experiences ” sleep seizures” during the day. he most likely suffered from what?
adaptivethe ____ theory of sleep states that sleep is a product of evolution. it explains why we sleep when we sleep
REM behavior disordera rare disorder in which the mechanism blocking the movement of voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around violently and even get up and act out nightmares
more alertthe higher the body temperature, the _____ people are
going to bed only when sleepyinsomnia can be helped by
during deep non-REM sleepwhen are night terrors experienced
more complex, simpleWhen a person is sleep deprived ____ tasks will suffer less than _____ tasks
RogerAccording to research, which of the following need the least amount of sleep?
-3 month-old Timmy who lays around all day
-19 year-old Sarah who is cramming for an exam
-35 year old Dorothy who has no children and works at night
-67 year old roger, who retired 2 years ago
social-cognitive theory of hypnosisArchie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. Infant, they are silly acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie’s way of thinking is similar to what theory?
increased alertnesswhen under the influence of a stimulant you are likely to be in what kind of state?
altered consciousnessafter taking meds for his back, Todd’s thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of ________
divided consciousnessdriving and talking on the phone at the same time is an example of _______
proactive interfaceMarcia dated Davido for several years. They recently broke up and Maria went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called Oliver Davido. This is an example of what?
EbbinhausWho found that forgetting is greatest just after learning?
” An orange is orange” According to the semantic network model of memory, to which of the following would an individual respond ” true” or ” false” to in the least amount of time?
-” An orange is a fruit”
-” An orange is orange”
-” An orange is a round like plant”
-” An orange is food”
semanticDr. Raime asked his students, ” Who was the father of psychology?” Kanye quickly responded, ” Wheilm Wundt, who in 1879 was credited as developing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.” The info Kanye was able to recall reflects what type of long-term memory?
the stage of memory in which it is storedthe information-processing model assumes the length of time a memory will be remembered depends on what?
parallel distributed processing modelderived from work in the development of artificial intelligence (AI)
prefrontal cortex and temporal loberesearch shows that short terms memories are stored where?
infantile amnesiaearly memory before the age of 2 tend to be implicit, which explains ______
procedural memoryOnce you learn to tie your shoes it becomes part of ______.
found its way into her long-term memoryAfter she had used ” maintenance rehearsal” many times, Eve’s social security number:
-found its way into her long-term memory
-moved back into sensory memory
-was considered part of working memory
-still remained in short-term memory
central executiveacts as interpreter for both the visual and auditory information in short-term memory (STM)
short-term memorythe system of working memory processes information in ____
anterograde amnesiaIn _____, new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed
auditoryshort-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in _____ form.
iconic sensoryEduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden he thinks, ” Was that man wearing a bright purple shirt?” As a result of this thought, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for eduardo’s behavior?
semantic____ memory refers to the awareness of the meaning of words concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.
misinformation effectkevin was in a study room, during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. later, he was asked if he noticed the man’s curly hair. Kevin was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. this is an example of what?
the plausible false events were significantly more likely to be remembered as false memories than were the implausible false eventsA study conducted by Pezdek and Hodge (1999) asked children to read five different summaries of childhood events. Two of these were false but only one of the two false events were plausible. These children were all told that these events happened to them as small children. this study showed what?
problem-solving activityin his 1932, Sir Frederic Bartlett wrote that he viewed memory as a _______.
primacy effectCarl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have trouble. this is an example of what?
encoding specificitythe tendency for memory of any kind of info be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are available when the memory is being retrieved
the importance of retrieval cues in memoryyou walk into a room and know that theres something you need, but in order to remember it, you must you much go back into the room you started in a use your surroundings. This illustrates what?
requires little or no effort to retrieveinfo that enters long-term memory by automatic —encoding:
-must be practiced extensively
-is rare
-is most common in childhood
-requires little or no effort to retrieve
state dependent learningChris learns her vocabulary while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called:
divergent thinkingCultures like that of Japanese, which hold tho well-
established traditions put less value on what?
-convergent thinking
-divergent thinking
-traditional thinking
-conformity
subgoalswriting a term paper is best approached by using what?
-algorithms
-representative heuristics
-subgoals
-availability heuristics
scriptIn waking up in the morning one might follow a:
-natural concept
-algoritm
-prototype
-script
algorithmsexamples of ______ are mathematics formulas
working backwards from the goala useful heuristic that works much of the time is what?
scripta type of schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities
creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of lifeCsiksgentmihalyi found that:
-creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of life
-creative people are usually only knowledgable about one to two subjects
-creative people are generally eccentric
-creative people value conformity
they will always result in a correct solution, if there is a solution to be foundwhich of the following s true regarding algorithms?
-they are what happens when the mind simply recognizes a problem and comes up with a solution in an ” Aha!” moment
-they will always result in a correct solution, if there is a solution to be found
-they are also known as mechanical solutions
-they are also known as ” rules of thumb”
cultureWhat is an important factor in the formation of prototypes
actual tasks using visual perceptionthrough the use of fMRI, researchers have found and overlap between areas of the brain activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to what?
confirmation biasEven after her girlfriends reported seeing her boyfriend Jeff out at clubs with other women, Jackie continues to believe her boyfriend and her friends who say the women are just old neighborhood friends. this is an example of:
-a mental set
-functional fixedness
-divergent thinking
-confirmation bias
language acquisition device (LAD)according to linguist Noam Chomsky, a ________ is an innate human ability to understand and produce language
demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice and the word ” yes” in a well-known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp _____.
-demonstrated 4 consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word ” yes”
-followed complex instructions up to the level of an 8 year-old child
-mastered syntax
-made enough consistent sounds to be considered to have his own language
linguistic relativity hypothesisWhorf used the now-famous example of the Inuits’ many words for snow to support what?
reliableMarjorie took personality test in April. She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. This test can be considered _____.
nineGardner theorize how many types of intelligence?
validityif a test measures what it is supposed to measure then it has what?
predict academic successWhat is one thing IQ tests do well?
resistant to mental illnessesTerman determined that gifted people are more ____ than those of average intelligence
analytical, creative, and practicalWhat are Sternberg’s types of intelligence?
Stern’s formulaa method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test
emotional intelligenceAccording to Goleman, ______ is a more powerful influence of success in life than more traditional view of intelligence
schizophreniaA recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ____, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial
Michelle knits a blanket and uses it as a cover for her bedWhich of the following is not an example of divergent thinking?
-Michelle knits a blanket and uses it as a cover for her bed
-Jennifer makes bowling game using plastic water bottles and an orange
-adia builds a tower using a deck of cards
-Michael turns a piece of paper into a paper airplane
mental ageKeneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. 15 is her what?
maturationone-year-old baby could not walk two months ago but now he can. this is an example of what?
the cold waterWhenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this occurrence, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when you’re not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
primary, secondaryA hug is an example of a ___ reinforcer, and a certificate of appreciation is an example of a _____ reinforcer.
punishment by removaltime out is an example of what?
negative reinforcementEvery time Paul’s neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul’s behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of _______.
-negative reinforcement
-punishment by removal
-positive reinforcement
-punishment by application
fixed ratioFor every 25 boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned?
depressionWhat does Seligman link learned helplessness to ?
learned to find the exit almost immediatelyThe second group of rats in Tolman’s maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats:
-learned to find the exit after only five more days.
-learned to find the exit almost immediately.
-took just as long to find the exit as the third group, which received no reinforcement.
-showed no interest in the reinforcement.
Gestalt psychologistsTolman and Köhler are examples of what?
cannot be gained through trial and error learning aloneKöhler determined that insight:
-can be taught through classical conditioning.
-is not present in animals.
-is instinctual.
-cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.
teaching rats to learn how to obtain foodOne of B. F. Skinner’s famous experiments involved:
-teaching rats to learn how to obtain food.
-teaching coyotes to ignore sheep.
-teaching babies to avoid loud noises.
-teaching dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
variable interval schedule of reinforcementFishing is an example of an activity with a:
-variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.
-fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement.
-variable interval schedule of reinforcement.
-fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
discriminativea police car is a ______ stimulus for slowing down
animals will revert to genetically controlled patternsThe Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption that:
-animal consciousness differs from human consciousness.
-animals will revert to genetically controlled patterns.
-all responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus.
-differences between species of animals are significant.
provide a successful model for aggressionSevere punishments, such as hitting:
-are the most effective way to get children to listen.
-work better on animals than people.
-provide a successful model for aggression.
-are effective with only about 30 percent of children.
rewardIn his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll.
-observation
-modeling
-reward
-aggression
possible like between children’s exposure to violence on tv and aggressive behavior to othersBandura conducted some of his research to study:
-the effects of rewards on children’s behavior.
-possible links between children’s exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others.
-hero worship in children.
-people’s innate aggressiveness.
pay attentionAccording to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the leaner much first do what?
imitationA 5-year-old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish what step?
preparing the training arenaIn toilet training a cat, ” Lid up, Seat down” is known in operant conditioning as what?
spontaneous recoveryAfter a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov’s dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:
stimulus substitutionPavlov believed that the CS, due to its association close in time with UCS, came to activate the same place in the brain originally activated by the UCS. What belief is this?
vicariousWhen children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry even before the needle touches them, it is an example of what kind of conditioning?
Vicarious conditioningthe classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
distinctivefor classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus much be what?
consciousnessawareness of everything around you and inside of your own head at any given moment
waking______ consciousness contains thoughts feeling and sensations and is clear and organized
altered states of consciousnessshifts in the quality or pattern of mental activity
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), hypothalamus, pineal gland and melatoninwhat are the most important factors in circadian rhythm?
SCN triggers the creation of melatonin from the denial gland, making you feel sleepyPertaining to circadian rhythm, what happens when it gets dark?
SCN stops the secretion of melatonin, allowing the body to wakenPertaining to circadian rhythm, what happens when it gets light?
sleep regulationHow is the neurotransmitter serotonin related to sleep?
as it builds up we become more sleepyHow is adenosine related to sleep?
micro sleepsbrief periods of sleep that last only a few seconds
restorativethe ____ theory of sleep states that sleep is necessary for the body to grow and repair. it explains why we sleep in general
REMwhich kind of sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, dreams and paralyzed muscles and is considered active sleep?
Non-REMWhich kind of sleep is characterized by non paralyzed voluntary muscles and is considered restful sleep?
beta waves, very small and fastWhat type of brain waves are seen when people are awake and alert? describe them.
Alpha waves, slightly larger than beta and slowerWhat type of brain waves are seen when people are relaxed and drowsy? describe them.
theta waves, even slowerWhen a person enters Non-REM stage 1 of sleep (N1), what type of waves are seen? describe them.
delta waves, slowest and largestWhen a person enters NREM stage 3 of sleep, what type of brain waves can been seen? describe them.
NREM stage 4What type of sleep is considered the deepest sleep?
manifest content? chapter 4
latent content? ch 4
activation-information-mode ModelWhat model displays that information gathered while awake can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams
night terrorexperiences of extreme fear and panic during sleep
hypnosis as dissociationWhat theory of hypnosis states that the subject has a split awareness, where one stream of communicates with the hypnotist and the external world, and the other is the ” hidden observer”?
physical dependencecondition where a persons body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug
psychological dependencebelief that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being
learningany relatively permanent change is behavior brought about by any experience or practice
generalizationthe tendency to respond to a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus discriminationoccurs when an organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
conditioned emotional responsean example of classical conditioning in which the unconditioned response is an emotional response, like fear
step 1, attentionwhich step in observational learning requires the observer to pay attention to the model’s behavior and its consequences?
step 2, memorywhich step in observational learning requires the observer to retain memory of what happened, as a mental representation?
step 3, imitationWhat step of observational learning requires the observer to be capable of reproducing the model’s behavior
step 4, motivationWhich step of observational learning requires the learner to have the desire to perform the behavior?
operant conditioningthe learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to the response
law of effectThorndike’s ______ states that responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation come more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation
reinforcementany event or stimulus, that when following a certain response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
positive reinforcementthe reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable experience
negative reinforcementthe reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
punishmentany event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
punishment by application (positive punishment)the punishment of a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus
punishment by removal (negative punishment)the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
false, it does NOT teach appropriate behaviorTrue or false: punishment teaches appropriate behavior
learned helplessnessa breakdown in learning ability caused by repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events
continuous reinforcement??
partial reinforcement??
fixed ratioin which schedule of reinforcement is the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same?
fixed intervalin which schedule of reinforcement is the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
variable rationin which schedule of reinforcement is the schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
variable intervalin which schedule of reinforcement is the time interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event?
memoryan active system that receives info from the senses, organizes and alters info as it stores it away, and then retrieves the info from storage
encoding (putting it in)memory process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
storage (keeping it in)memory process of holding onto information for some period of time
retrieval (getting it out)memory process that involves getting information that is in storages into a form that can be used
iconicWhat type of memory is visual, and lasts only a fraction of a second?
echoicWhat type of memory is auditory, and lasts about four seconds, and is a brief memory of something a person just hear
selective attentionability to focus on only one stimulus (or narrowed range of stimuli) from among all sensory input present–this is how info gets into the short-term memory
maintenance rehearsalis a way of keeping information in the short term memory but continuing to repeat it
long-term memorythe memory system into which all the info is placed to be kept more or less permanently. has unlimited capacity
nondeclaritive (implicit) memorytype of long term memory including memory for skills procedures, habits and conditioned responses
procedural memorymemory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness
declarative (explicit) memorytype of LTM containing info that is conscious and known
semantic memorydeclarative memory containing general knowledge
episodic memorydeclarative memory containing personal info that is not readily available to others
recallmemory retrieval in which the info retrieved must be ” pulled” from memory with very few external cues
recognitionability to match a piece of info or stimulus to a stored image or fact
elaborative rehearsalmaking information meaningful in some way
memory tracea physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
proactive interferencememory retrieval problem that occurs when older info prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information
retroactive interferencememory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older info
retrograde amnesialoss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past
anterograde amnesialoss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forwards, or the inability to form new long term memories
consolidationchanges that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed
hippocampusWhat area of the brain is responsible for the formation of new LTMs
cerebellumAfter being processed in the motor cortex, procedural memories appear to be store where?
anterogradeWhich type of amnesia is the primary emory difficulty in Alzheimer’s
autobiographical memorythe memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story (usually after age 3)
constructive processingemory retrieval process in which memories are ” built,” or reconstructed, from info stored during encoding
hindsight biasthe tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include new info, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event
source monitering effectwhen a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another–might be a contributor to the misinformation effect
cognitionmental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand and/or communicate info to others
mental imagesmental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality
conceptideas that represent a class or group of object, events, or activities that share common characteristics or attributes
formal conceptsconcepts formed by learning the specific rules or features that define it
natural conceptsconcepts formed as a result of people’s experience in the real world
prototypean example that closely matches the defining characteristics (or common features) of a concept
decision makingprocess of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them
problem solvingthe thoughts and actions required to achieve a certain goal
trial and error (mechanical solutions)trying on possible solution after another until you find one that works
algorithmsa systematic step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution, if there is one to be found
insightsolution seems to suddenly come to mind
heuristics (” rule of thumb”)an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem
subgoalscreating intermediate steps towards a solution
functional fixednessthinking about objects only in terms of their typical (or most common) function
mental setstendency for people to persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
confirmation biastendency to search for evidence that supports our perceptions while ignoring evidence to the contrary
creativitythe ability ideas that are both novel and valuable
convergent thinkingtype of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer by using previous knowledge and logic
divergent thinkingtype of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point
languagean open and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas
phonemesthe smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language
morphemethe smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word
grammera system of rules that governs the structure and use of language
semanticsrules for determining the meanings for words and sentences
syntaxthe rules for ordering words into grammatically correct (sensible) sentences
pragmaticsthe practical aspects of communication with others, or social ” niceties” of language
linguistic relativity hypothesisthe theory that the language a person is speaking largely determines the nature of that persons thoughts
cognitive universalismpage’s theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language
intellegenethe ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources in adapting to new situations or solving problems
spearmanwho proposed that intelligence is best characterized as general capacity –underlying all branches of intellectual ability is ones underlying fundamental function
analytical intellegenceSterberg’s _____ intelligence is assessed by intelligence tests. ability to break problems down into component parts from problem solving
creative intelligencestern berg’s _____intellegence states that intelligence that generate ideas/new ways of solving problems, or finding creative ways to solve tasks (divergent thinking)
practical intellegenceintelligence required to use info to get along in life; person adapts to the environment, changes it, or selects a new one so one can succeed
Aptitude (IQ) teststests that are intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill
achievement testtests that are intended to reflect what you have already learned
(mental age)/(chronological age)x100According to william Stern, the formula of intelligence quotient is IQ= _________
Stanford-Binet testwhat test was created by Terman and adapted from Binet’s test and used for American children?
Flynn effectIn the past 60 years intelligence scores have steadily risen by an average of 27 points, this effect is a 1/3 point increase per year. What is this effect called?
content validityextent a test measures a particular behavior or trait it claims to
predictive validitythe function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
after about seven years oldat what point do intelligence scores become stable?
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