- INTRODUCTION
This paper tackles on the fundamental historical, social, economic and political methods that have contributed to the differences and disparities in the Maori and Non Maori health status. In the past, one of the major issues that Maori have encountered is institutional racism. It can be unconscious at times but some people unintentionally discriminate Maori and other ethnic groups. The presence of improper and unbearable dissimilarities between MÄori and non-MÄori through an array of social, economic and major health methods were very widespread in New Zealand. The existence of the Maori in the country brought about several discrimination among the group. Discrimination is under no circumstances healthy since reduces life span and wastes the potential among individuals. Numerous customs of discrimination and different practices of inequalities among different groups will be noted in the discussion of this paper. This literature review defines how ‘ racism’ greatly affects the Maori in New Zealand along with the trails which lead to compromised health. It is known for a fact that health is considered as wealth for everybody. The circumstances, time, and place where people live in, together with their life choices and practices, all help define their health condition. Health of the people may be greatly influenced by work, earnings, education, working settings, accommodation, diet, cultural complexes, surroundings, age, family background, and gender.
Health inequalities do not happen obviously and do not exist by chance, but they are the consequences of social and commercial strategy and norms. In most countries, like New Zealand, Maori have encountered different racial biases which may be due to the lack of education and social background. Most Maori have inferior health, larger exposure to health risks and their right to use different health services may not be as good as compared to the Pakehas. Achieving health fairness does not necessarily mean that possessions are fairly distributed but rather it may be acquainted with an inadequate sharing of resource supply which is very important in ensuring that various group of people have appreciated an just treatment when it comes to health effects. Inequalities in the world can never be eliminated but it can be reduced through different ways which will be offered in this paper. This paper focuses on the fundamental historical, socio-economic, and political approach that has contributed to the discriminations and inequalities in the Maori and the non-Maori health status. Reducing disparity will advantage Maori significantly and chosen to finance in education guidelines, economic, social and health that will them bring together uniting them as one which would help them to feel secured and would give advantage to eve ryone who could make them all feel good. It is very necessary to promote fairness and give solution to discrimination so that there is equality and justice in the distribution of healthcare services to all individuals in New Zealand.
B. BODY
- HISTORY
Long ago, Maori people did not use any kind of weapons except for spears and what was introduced in that era, which the muskets which contributed a very huge effect on Maori warfare. Maori people were known to be very strong and they usually use this strength in fighting. They usually attack tribes using muskets without fearing if the enemy are bringing huge weapons. In effect, guns became very significant for the Maori and they would bargain their money, lands and properties in exchange for a musket.
The Treaty of Waitangi is considered to be an important pact for the Maoris. It is the chief instrument through which Maoris and indigenous people who has established to have their fair and distinctive privileges as the first colonisers in New Zealand. The aim of the treaty is to defend and preserve the security and welfare of all people including its health consequences which would relate to a good structure of government and ideas of involvement and justness which is considered to be very essential. From 1970’s, information and awareness among the public has improved unceasingly, mainly as an outcome of rising Maori ambitions for autonomy. Explicitly, it has been debated that the occurrence of continuous health differences towards both Maoris and non-Maoris greatly displays that the health rights of Maori people are not being secured as stated under the treaty.
In recent times in the health official papers of the government, acknowledgment of the ethnic status of the Maori was recognized as well as the acceptance of the Treaty of Waitangi as a major document viewing the association between the Maori people and the government. Although, the agreement has never been involved in the regulation of public plan and there is a clear gap between the agreement’s approval and interpretation of its goals into definite health benefits for the Maori people.
b. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
There has been continuing differences between Maori and non-Maori in various areas of employment, profits and education which were the main factors in disparities in health. Housing conditions also played a very important part. Stimulating the customary of Maori residences was a very deliberate progression especially in rural areas. They have encountered difficulties when it comes to authorized housing plan due to the continuing increase in the Maori inhabitants, which meant that congestion continued even when large facts of new houses were constructed. The problem of insufficient accommodation had not been completely abolished.
There was a definite study which has been piloted concerning the humanity degree in terms of socioeconomic factors and differences of health status between Maori and non-Maori people to a group of men aged 15-64 years old. The study presented that the socioeconomic drawback of lower Maori health position was less possibly connected; even after the control of community class, still Maori mortality rates have been presented to be constantly high. One good example, with the use of 1974-1978 data, Smith and Pearce observed that nearly 20% of the variance between Maori and non- Maori male mortality rates was specific to alterations in socioeconomic status, however 15% was due to cigarette smoking; 10% related to alcohol intake; 5% to obesity; and 17% to accidents. Furthermore, about 35% of Maori mortality rate were triggered by diseases for which an operational healthcare was eagerly accessible.
Based on the outcomes of the research as cited above, the socio-economic status of most Maori people which marks to high-priced healthcare services have less probably been important since a complex rate of Maori mortality rates were due to diseases although there was an operational healthcare accessible in spite of of their socioeconomic position. However, Maori’s societal class in humanity could be beneficial for them to have a relaxed admission in healthcare provision with the routine of their socioeconomic assets.
c. POLITICAL
The Natives are secured in politics at the level of ethnic groups up to the government level where laws and regulations are being administered. The healthcare providers are consistently authorized to implement guidelines and facility provision judgments that greatly affect Maori people and their communities. Problems usually arise when the delivery of healthcare services is not properly distributed and health outcomes are not realized by the community.
With a number of so many families departing to different towns and cities, Maori had improved access to health services. But the obstacles of cost and principles often still existed. The government’s public health platforms continued to pinpoint Maori communities when individual needs were recognized, and this had a significant influence on Maori health status
Hospitals were completely sponsored by the government from 1957, eliminating the discernment that Maori did not subsidise enough to hospital charges through the local power rating scheme. By 1959, the quantity of Maori births happening in hospital setting had risen to about 90%, and the amount sustained to increase. There have been Maori healthcare workers for more than a decade – in superior quantities in the early 2000s. But Maori are still under- signified in the health labour force at all levels. In the second half of the 20th century the government began to face an approach that was more bicultural to the healthcare needs of the Maori people, partially in answer to demands of Maori for better participation in matters regarding their health needs. The new development strengthened in the 1980s. It comprised allowing Maori to contribute more in the preparation and application of health platforms, and creating better acknowledgement of characteristic Maori standards and practices in the health area.
Maori still reserved numerous of their conventional concepts regarding health. Officials in the wellbeing segment progressively established a better considerate of Maori methods to health and sickness, and government strategies presented a greater recognition of these methodologies and their worth for health care. Tohungastill experienced in countless Maori communities, andnon-Maoriwere more and more prepared to observe their work in a more positive manner. The Tohunga Suppression Act was revoked in 1962. After 20 years, the health consultants created to display an inclination to agree to take traditional healing practices as corresponding to Western treatment, and even to distinguish tohunga and integrate their effort into the conventional health organization
d. EDUCATION
There has been a report created from the examination of the Ministry displays that there are assemblies of people who have poor health knowledge expertise. Some may even have poorer health literacy skills including Maori due to the fact that most Maori people did not have the privilege to be educated well and most of them did not go to school since they did not give high importance with education. The underlying factors that contributed to giving low importance to education are due to the low level of income of most Maori people. Non- Maoris were believed to be better than Maori people in terms of health literacy skills through all the dignified variables. People who have poor health awareness deliberately have greater threat of having poor health results. They are the people who would more or less experience the likelihood of acquiring medical issues, how to search for nursing care services, operational communication towards providers of healthcare, comprehend health instructions and information specified and on how to achieve their treatment to improve their condition.
e. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
The significance of family in relation of providing nursing care towards Maori people based on their own personal experiences. For example, not having families around when doing health assessments might result to miscommunication within family about the needs of ill person. The individual must have a support system when he needs treatment. He must acquire the special attention that he needs in order to recover fast. In addition, absence of family in doing care plan meant that people with chronic conditions might not be able to go to their respective appointments if they were just depending on their family for their transport. Thus, the individual may not have the chance to treat her illness due to lack of support from the family. In conclusion, it would be best if health care professionals take little consideration of family as a vital part of Maori’s health and treatment process.
2. HEALTHCARE ACCESS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MAORI AND NON-MAORI
The health status of native peoples across the globe differs permitting to their distinctive social, political, and historical circumstances. Inequalities in health among Maori and non-Maori have been obvious for all of the foreign history of New Zealand. This gives justifications for the variances which include a compound mix of mechanisms allied with socioeconomic and lifestyle influences, accessibility of health care, and discrimination. Improving the right to receive the efficient and effective healthcare is critical to directing health differences, and growing confirmation recommends that Maoris and non-Maoris vary in terms of admittance to primary and secondary health care services. There are relevant modifications in life expectancy which occur between Maoris and non-Maoris in New Zealand, but the appeal of health care in creating or preserving these modifications has been documented and examined only recently. An examination of Maori health in the framework of New Zealand’s colonial history may propose potential clarifications for disparities in health among Maoris and non-Maoris, stressing the part of access to health care.
There are a number of various descriptions that have been recommended for the discriminations in health between Maoris and non-Maoris. One common proposal is that these inconsistencies are due to genetic features. Thus, although genetic factors may contribute to differences in health status between Maoris and non-Maoris in the instance of firm specific circumstances, they do not perform a major part in population and public health relations.
Nongenetic descriptions for dissimilarities in health between Maoris and non-Maoris can be collected into 4 major ranges concentrating on social factors, standard of living factors, right to use health care services, and discrimination. These descriptions are not equally exclusive, but it is beneficial to contemplate them distinctly while bearing in mind that they are indistinguishably connected.
It is strongly believed by Maori people that they don’t receive the fair treatment that they deserve when it comes to access in the healthcare services. They think that the Treaty of Waitangi has not been realized fairly. A need and quality for health care have been established into a structure for gauging differences in bringing nursing service towards Maori people. There is substantial confirmation that Maori and non-Maori contrast in terms of access to both primary and secondary health care services, that Maoris are usually less probable to be mentioned for surgical care and professional services, and that, given their transformations in mortality, they receive lower than anticipated levels of quality hospital care service than non-Maoris. One survey presented that more of Maori adults specified difficulties in getting essential care in their local area of hospital, as related with less non-Maori. Maoris were almost twice as likely as non-Maoris to have conceded away without receiving any health care treatment in the last year due to its high charge. Therefore, cost is a important barricade to Maoris’ access to health service.
3. THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS AND LEGITIMACY OF DIFFERENCE
As we all know, our world is culturally diverse. As individuals, it is our sense of duty to adapt with other culture. As what was stated by the Treaty of Waitangi, Maori’s morals and principles must be secure and valued. They should be treated fairly and equally. Other natives in the country must also learn how to build a solid relationship with the Maori people by getting to know their culture, interacting with their community cultural and sporting events. They should generally be valued as a person in the community. Maori people should have part in the society and as much as possible they should be able to feel New Zealand as their home. Assertions were created in the Treaty of Waitangi about Maori’s right to cultural individuality as well as their right to contribute in the society. Unities among the citizens are the fundamental obligation of the state. Maori and Non Maori should build harmonious relationship with each other. In New Zealand, those shared aims are strong enough to define the lack of a withdrawal understanding of self-determination. The broader view of understanding the different culture of different ethnicity will help the group in building a good relationship among others. The most important commonality among different people is however a mortality which is mutual and from that shared humanity will yield to a personal autonomy conveyed in the varied groups of the society and from which character is produced.
4. THE POWER RELATIONSHIPS IN HEALTHCARE
Cultural Safety clearly gives an overview on the relationship of the people whose culture and life experiences differ from those of the general practitioner. General practitioners work in varied environments where they must make effort in a culturally safe perspective taking into consideration the cultural background of the people. It is very important that in treating the patients, the practitioner must consider the culture of the individual and ensure that no bias is created. The practitioner must be sensitive enough in comprehending the values, beliefs and attitudes of each individual. It has been stated in one of the principles in cultural safety that in order to have an enhancement in terms of delivering health and disability services, identification of power relationship between the service provider and the recipients of the healthcare service. The healthcare providers must know how to accept and works alongside with others. Undergoing a careful analysis regarding personal power relationships as well as the institutional process must also be considered when rendering healthcare service to people. People should learn how to express the degrees of perceived safety or risk in order to empower them in using the healthcare service.
CONCLUSION
In brief, there are many factors that would hinder inequality in New Zealand with regards to politics, history, and socio-economic status. Eliminating inequalities between Maori and non-Maori is in progress. Policies has been made and campaigns of equality and equity has been done throughout New Zealand. Strong implementation should be maintained and improved and ensuring accountability should be done. In a nutshell, discrimination ruins the operation of rendering healthcare service especially with Maori people who are known to be indigenous in New Zealand. It is best therefore, that healthcare providers must learn to give equal care towards different groups of people regardless of their beliefs, religion, sex, culture as well as their socioeconomic status. Moreover, health professionals must be attentive enough to their own practice and be prepared to do something right away if ever they will observe something goes wrong in providing healthcare service towards Maori. They should be enough in giving the best care towards their patients. This requires knowing how to identify discriminatory practice – both at the interpersonal level and at the institutional level, and being ready to act against it. Nevertheless, the right to the highest attainable standard of health applies to different groups of people. Inequalities and disparities have no room in a healthy society.
