General psychology chapter 6 key terms

LearningA systematic relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs though experience. BehaviorismA theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping. ONGENERAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 6 KEY TERMS SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowAssociative LearningLearning that occurs when an organism makes a connection or an association, between two events. Observational LearningLearning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behaviorClassical ConditioningLearning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicits a similar response. Unconditioned Stimulus (US)A stimulus that produces a response without prior learningUnconditioned Response (UR)An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned by the stimulusConditioned Stimulus (CS)A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned Response (CR)The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus pairing. AcquisitionThe initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. Generalization (in classical conditioning)The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. Discrimination (in classical conditioning)The process of learning to response to certain stimuli and not othersExtinction (in classical conditioning)the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. Spontaneous RecoveryThe process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning. RenewalThe recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context. CounterconditioningA classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response. Aversive ConditioingA form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus. HabituationDecreased responsiveness to the stimulus after repeated presentations. Operant ConditioningA form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrences. Law of EffectThorndike’s law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and the behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. ShapingRewarding successive approximations of a desired behaviorReinforcementthe process by which in a stimulus or event follwoing a particular behaviors increases the probability that the behavior will happen again. Positive Reinforcementthe presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. Negative ReinforcementThe removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. Avoidance BehaviorAn organism’s learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response. Learned HelplessnessAn organism’s learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes. Primary ReinforcerA reinforcer that is innately satisfying one that does not take any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable. Secondary ReinforcerA reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. Generalization (OC)Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. Discrimination (OC)Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. Extinction (OC)Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. Schedules of ReinforcementSpecific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. PunishmentA consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Positive PunishmentThe presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Negative PunishmentThe removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Applied Behavior ModificationThe use of operant conditioning principals to change human behavior. Latent LearningUnenforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behaviors. Insight LearningA form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problems’s solution. Instinctive DriftThe tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. PreparednessThe species-specific biological predisposition to learn in a certain ways but not others.