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Psychology chapter 8 learning

LearningA relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experienceAssociative LearningLearning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) ONPSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 8 LEARNING SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowClassical ConditioningA type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. BehaviorismA view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Unconditioned ResponseIn classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. Unconditioned StimulusIn classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers a response. Conditioned ResponseIn classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. Conditioned Stimulusin classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. AcquisitionThe initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. Extinctionthe diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. Spontaneous Recoverythe reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. Generalizationthe tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. Discriminationin classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. Operant Conditioninga type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Respondent Behaviorbehavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. Operant BehaviorBehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. Law of EffectThorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. Operant Chambera chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research. ShapingAn operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior. ReinforcerIn operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Positive Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative Reinforcementincreasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. Primary ReinforcerAn innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Conditioned ReinforcerA stimulus that gains its enforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. Continuous ReinforcementReinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. Partial (Intermittent) ReinforcementReinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. Fixed-Ratio ScheduleIn operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Variable-Ratio ScheduleIn operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Fixed-Interval ScheduleIn operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces after a specified time has elapsed. Variable-Interval ScheduleIn operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. PunishmentAn event that decreases the behavior that it follows. Cognitive Mapa mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned its layout. Latent Learninglearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate itIntrinsic MotivationA desire to perform a behavior for its own sakeExtrinsic MotivationA desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. Observational LearningLearning by observing others. ModelingThe process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. Mirror NeuronsFrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. Prosocial BehaviorPositive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

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