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Psychology 101 chapter 6 – learning

learninga relatively permanent behavior change due to experienceassociative learninglearning that certain events occur together. The events may e two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant learning) ONPSYCHOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 6 – LEARNING SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder Nowstimulusan event or situation that evokes a responsecognitive learningthe acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, watching others, or through languageclassical conditioninga type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate eventsneutral stimulusin classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioningunconditioned responsein classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in mouth)unconditioned stimulusin classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response (UR)conditioned responsein classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulusconditioned stimulusin classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned responseacquisition(1) in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. (2) In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced responseextinctionin classical conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus (in operant conditioning, the weakening of a response when it is no longer reinforced)spontaneous recoverythe reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned responsegeneralizationin classical conditioning, the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulusdiscrimination(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli (2) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its membersoperant conditioninga type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisheroperant chambera box (also known as a Skinner box) with an attached recording device to track the rate at which an animal presses the box’s bar to obtain a reinforcer. used in operant conditioning researchreinforcementin operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it followsshapingan operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behaviorpositive reinforcementincrease behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is anything that, when presented after a response, strengthens the responsenegative reinforcementincreases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. a negative reinforcer is anything that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (note: this is not punishment)primary reinforceran event that is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological needconditioned reinforcer(aka secondary reinforcer) an event that gains its reinforcing power through its link with a primary reinforcerreinforcement schedulea pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforcedcontinuous reinforcementreinforcing a desired response every time it occurspartial (intermittent) reinforcementreinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcementfixed-ratio schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a respnse only after a specified number of responsesvariable-ration schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable time intervalsfixed-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsedvariable-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervalspunishmentan event that decreases the behavior it followsrespondent behaviorbehavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulusoperant behaviorbehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequencesbehaviorismthe view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)cognitive mapa mental image of the layout of one’s environmentlatent learninglearning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate itintrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior for its own sakeextrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid a punishmentobservational learninglearning by observing othersmodelingthe process of observing and imitating a specific behaviormirror neuronneuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions; neural basis for imitation and observational learningprosocial behaviorpositive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior

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