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B.f. skinner – learning theory

classical conditioningtype of conditioning studied by Pavlov and used by J. B. Watson as a model for his version of behaviorism; stimulus conditioningoperant conditioningresponse conditioning; modification of response strength by manipulation of the consequences of the response; responses that are followed by a reinforcer gain in strength, responses not followed by a reinforcer become weaker ONB. F. SKINNER – LEARNING THEORY SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder Nowuncoditioned stimulus (US)elicits an automatic, natural response; also called a primary reinforcer because conditioning ultimately depends on the presence of a ___unconditioned response (UR)natural, automatic response elicited by an unconditioned stimulusconditioned stimulus (CS)by itself, doesn’t elicit unconditioned response; elicits a conditioned response when paired with an unconditional stimulusconditioned response (CR)” same” response as unconditioned response, but made in response to conditioned stimulusoperant levelfrequency with which an operant response is made before it is systematically reinforcedoperant behaviorbehavior that cannot be linked to any known stimulus and therefore appears to be emitted rather than elicitedshapinggradual development of a response that an organism does not normally make; requires differential reinforcement and successive approximations; procedure in which the experimenter/environment rewardssuccessive approximationssituation in which only those responses that are increasingly similar to the one ultimately desired are reinforceddifferential reinforcementsituation in which some responses are reinforced and others are notreinforcementresults in increase in likelihood of behaviorpositive reinforcementadd something, present to increase likelihood of behaviornegative reinforcementtake something away (something aversive) to increase likelihood of behaviorpunishmentresults in decrease in likelihood of behaviorpositive punishmentpresenting something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (EX: spanking, yelling)negative punishmenttaking something away (something desirable) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (EX: taking away phone/allowance/privileges)extinctiontendency of a previously acquired behavior (response) to become progressively weakened upon non-reinforcementproblems with punishmentcould cause: patient to become fearful, teaches only what not to do, justifies infliction of pain (physical and/or psychological)primary reinforcer (PR)related to survival; food, water, oxygen, and sexual activity; not biologically neutral – needed for survivalprimary negative reinforcernegative reinforcer that threatens an organism’s survival – EX: pain or oxygen deprivationprimary positive reinforcerpositive reinforcer that enhances an organism’s survival – EX: food or watersecondary reinforcer (SR)originally biologically neutral and not reinforcing; acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers; responsible for most human behaviorfixed interval reinforcement schedule (FI)reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that is made only after a specified interval of time has passed – EX: weekly or monthly salary; only one response neededfixed ratio reinforcement schedule (FR)reinforcement schedule that reinforces every Nth response – EX: every fifth response the organism makes is reinforced; more work – more pay; produces high rate of responding; EX: commissionvariable interval reinforcement schedule (VI)reinforcement schedule in which a certain average time interval must pass before a response will be reinforced; number not important but time; after 5, 10, 2 seconds – rewardvariable ratio reinforcement schedule (VR)reinforcement schedule in which a certain average number of responses need to be made before reinforcement is obtained; reinforcement can be close or far apart – uncertainty keeps you responding – EX: gambling; highest rate of responding, lowest rate of extinctioninappropriate behaviorspart of an unhealthy personality; drug taking, excessively vigorous or restrained behavior, defective self-knowledge, self-punishmentcritiquehigh on generating research and guiding action; high on falsifiability and parsimony; moderate on organizing knowledge; high on determinism – no free will; high on optimism because of changeconcept of humanitycausality over teleology; determinism over free will; uniqueness over similarity; optimism over pessimism

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