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Psych unit 6. multiple choice: watson and rayner’s study, b.f. skinner’s work

According to the text, learning involvesa relatively permanent change in behavior due to experienceThe most crucial ingredient in all learning isexperienceLearning that certain events occur together is calledassociative learningBy learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process ofclassical conditioningConditioning is the process ofdiscriminationPets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrateclassical conditioningChildren often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlyingoperant conditioningThe last time you come home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then, you have been careful to come on time. The change in your behavior is best explained byoperant conditioningThe researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning isIvan PavlovWho introduced the term behaviorism? John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson considered himself to be abehavioristJohn B. Watson emphasized thatlearning should be explained without any reference to mental processesThe “ psychic secretions” that interfered with Pavlov’s experiments on digestion wereconditioned responsesIn Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)unconditioned responseIn Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, infants develop a fear or roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is theconditioned stimulusA child’s learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)conditioned responseIf a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the unconditioned response is thesalivation to the food in the mouthWhich of the following is a unconditioned response? jerking your hand off a very hot stoveIn Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog’s mouth was theunconditioned stimulusA dog’s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)conditioned responseIf the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has been associated with the presentation of food, the child’s salivation to the sound of a can opener is aconditioned responseIn Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the conditioned stimulus wasthe sound of a toneAssociating a conditioned stimulus with a new neural stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrateshigher order conditioningIn classical conditioning, theneutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulusLong after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden thing of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustratesspontaneous recoveryBecause of his discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrategeneralizationToddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustratesgeneralizationAn allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process ofgeneralizationSome of Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process ofdiscriminationRats easily learn to associate nausea producing radiation treatments withnovel tastesThe idea that any perceivable neural stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus was challenged byGarcia and Koelling’s findings on taste aversion in ratsChildren learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learningbiological predispositionsAn integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided bya biopsychosocial approachIvan Pavlov’s experimentsdemonstrated how learning can be studied objectivelyWatson to the study of learning? demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioningTo assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer’s disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff or air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was aconditioned stimulusAn organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process ofclassical conditioningWhich of the following is an example of respondent behavior? blushing when embarrassedVoluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are calledoperant behaviorsWhich of the following terms best describes a respondent behavior? reflexiveWhich of the following terms best describes an operant behavior? voluntaryB. F. Skinner’s work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had calledthe law of effectThe psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning wasB. F. SkinnerThe process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is calledshapingFive year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method ofshapingA rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustratesshapingAn event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)reinforcerWhich of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers? Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant respondingEvery Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)positive reinforcerMason, a stockbroker, runs two miles everyday after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer. negativeReceiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcerClosing your bedroom door so that you won’t hear the TV that is interfering with your studying is an example ofnegative reinforcementMoney is to food as ________ is to ________. secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcerInnately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers. primaryTo quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to useimmediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcersHumans, unlike many other animals, can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after a desired behavior. What are these reinforcers called? delayedFour year old Della asks her mother for a special treat everytime they go the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della willcontinue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the grocery storeThe way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustratespartial reinforcementCoffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule. fixed-ratioLuana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is on a ________ schedule. fixed-ratioBlake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-ratioA variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only afteran unpredictable number of responses have been made. Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule? inserting coins into a slot machinePurchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. variable-ratioOn the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace’s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. variable-intervalThe introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________. punishment; reinforcementRevoking the driver’s license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as anegative punishmentIf rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrateslatent learningProfessor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning? insight learningUsing rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibitintrinsic motivationAfter pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. biological predispositionsAccording to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily byexternal influencesIn explaining prosocial behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasizedthe beneficial consequences of prosocial behaviorWhich of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software? respondent behaviorB. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for bothshaping and immediate reinforcementAlex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process ofshapingTennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long cross court hits best illustrates the process ofshapingUsing an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior? Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated. The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity tofacilitate the relaxation responseNeal Miller observed that rats decrease their heartbeat if they receive pleasurable brain stimulation when their heartbeat slows. This best illustrated thatbiofeedback can facilitate control of autonomic nervous system functioningElectronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is calledbiofeedbackBoth classical and operant conditioning are forms ofassociative learningA learned association between two stimuli is central toclassical conditioningJeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance ofmodelingThe tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance ofmodelingOur ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustratesobservational learningWithout any explicit training from adults, many 8 year old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents’ cars. This best illustrates the importance ofdiscriminationThe transmission of cultural fads and fashions best illustrates the impact ofrespondent behaviorWhich of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model?“ fantasy” models (such as cartoon characters) are more likely to be imitatedWhich of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon? mirror neuronsThe reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels ofmirror neuron activitySkinner is to shaping as Bandura is tomodelingBandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what? whether we see the people as similar to usMr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children’s development. observational learningExperiments suggest that children are exposed to a model who says one thing and does another willtalk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does. Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act prosaically. Social learning psychologists would advise them tomake sure their own actions and words are consistent. Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude thatviewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressivelyThe violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violencegoes unpunishedAfter prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustratesdesensitizationThe first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted byPavlovWhich of the following is an unconditioned response? sweating in hot weatherIn Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)conditioned responseMakayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergoneextinctionSpontaneous recovery refers to thereappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. Monica’s psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance ofgeneralizationJacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value ofintermittent reinforcementGarcia and Koelling’s studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained bybiological predispositionsWatson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fearsmay be produced through classical conditioningAfter learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process ofgeneralizationAfter he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin’s fear. unconditioned stimulusIn which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? operant conditioningCats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustratesthe law of effectA Skinner box is a(n)chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known asshapingEvery Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allowhim to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)positive reinforcerPositive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding. increase; increasePaul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1. 00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1. 00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul’s telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael’s is reinforced on afixed-ratio; variable-ratioWatching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. variable- intervalFor purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use ofreinforcement over punishmentAfter a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed acognitive mapAnimals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example ofinstinctive driftRhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact ofobservational learningWe find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed tomirror neurons

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