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Serum electrolytes in tribes of chikhaldhara region

Serum Electrolytes Observed in Tribes of Chikhaldhara Region. Dist. Amravati (M. S.)

  • Ingole A. B.

Abstract:

The present cross sectional study was undertaken among the trible people of Chikhaldhara Region to estimate and compare some biochemical parameters such as Sodium and Potassium, concentration in different age groups of trible Male and Female. Total 257 Males and 319 Females were taken for examination. Concentration of serum Sodium and Potassium were calculated by Female photometry (Kramer 1971) method. The test of statistical significant ( t Test) was used to compare population groups. The normal values of Sodium and Potassium, were not observed in studied.

Introduction:

Human blood is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma and contains Proteins, Glucose, Mineral Iron, Harmones, Carbon dioxide plasma also sevens as the protein reserve of human body. It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body form infection and other blood disorders (Maton et al 1993) (Jyothi et al 2012)

Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity and certain metabolic functions (Kaur and Kochar 2009 and 2010). Sodium is an essential nutrient that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and PH. Sodium chloride is the principle source of sodium in the dite most of it comes from processed foods. The adequate intake far sodium is 1. 2 to 1. 5 gons per day. Minimum amount that promotes hypertension (Geleijnse 2004).

Potassium is also on essential macromineral in human nutrition it is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, and it is this important in maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Sodium makes up most of the cations of blood plasma at a reference range of about 145 mm 0 /L and potassium makes up most of the cell fluid cations at about 150 mm0/L. Plasma is filtered through the glomerulus of the kidneys in the enormous amounts, about 180 liters per day. (Potts et al 1964). Thus 602 g of sodium and 33g of potassium are filtered each day. 1-10 g of sodium and 1-4 g of potassium likely to be in the diet must be reabsorbed. Sodium most be reabsorbed in such a way as to keep the blood volume exactly right and the osmotic pressure correct, potassium most be realsarbed in such a way to as to keep serum concentration as close as possible to 4. 8 mm0l/L (Kumar and Chaudhary 2010).

Sodium pumps in the kidneys ust always operate to conserve sodium. Potassium must sometimes be conserved also, but as amount of potassium in the blood plasma is very small and the pool of potassium in the cells is about thirty times as large, the situation is not so critical for potassium. Since potassium is moved passively (Beutler et al 2006). Potassium is secreated twice and reabsorbed three times before the urine reaches the collecting tubules (Wright 1977).

Hypokalemia is often without symptoms. Modrate hypokalemia with serum potassium concentrations of 2. 5-3 mrg/L may cause muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle cramps and constipation. With more severe hypokalemia flaccid paralysis (Goldman 1973). Extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emcrgency due to the risk of potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythms symptoms are fairly nonspecific and generally include malaise, palpitations and muscle weakness weakness. The problem is detected during screening blood tests fer a medical disorder, or it only comes to medical attential after complications have developed, such as cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death (Rao and Thunia 2004).

Material and Methods:

The present cross sectional study was undertaken among the tribes of Chikhaldara Dist. Amravati to evaluate serum biochemical such as sodium and potassium concentration under the guidance of Doctor and medical technician. Blood samples were from tribes during the year 2011 to 2013. Analysis of serum biochemical sodium and potassium were carried out by Flame Photometry method by Kramer (1921). Age group wise disruluhen of trubke oeioke were done. The difference between different age group of tribe male and female were statistically analyzed by applying student t test.

Result and Discussion:

Comparative Sodium observed in tribal females and males

During serum biochemical studies, the comparative sodium level in different age group of tribal females and males from Chikhaldara, Dist. Amravati (M. S.) was analyzed. The observed results of study are represented as below-

Table : Comparative Sodium observed in tribal females and males

Age Group

Years

Female

Male

N

m

SD

N

m

SD

0 – 5

18

136. 67

6. 202

12

136. 67

14. 681

5 – 10

17

114. 12

39. 681

16

134. 75

23. 618

10 – 15

39

126. 03

21. 173

19

135. 11

12. 242

15 – 20

35

133. 03

11. 197

30

139. 23

9. 634

20 – 25

63

132. 73

19. 846

57

140. 46

13. 125

25 – 30

49

130. 59

18. 738

17

135. 35

12. 589

30 – 35

21

132. 81

10. 279

15

138. 33

15. 253

35 – 40

7

122. 29

8. 301

18

136. 22

14. 502

40 – 45

19

131. 37

11. 987

14

134. 21

14. 208

45 – 50

12

130. 75

14. 580

19

138. 37

11. 097

50 – 55

15

130. 73

10. 361

10

131. 50

15. 472

55 <

24

124. 79

17. 134

48

133. 90

13. 198

Figure . Comparative Sodium observed in tribal females and males

Comparative Potassium observed in tribal females and males

During serum biochemical studies, the comparative potassium level in different age group of tribal females and males from Chikhaldara, Dist. Amravati (M. S.) was analyzed. The observed results of study are represented as below-

Table : Comparative Potassium observed in tribal females and males

Age Group

Years

Female

Male

N

m

SD

N

m

SD

0 – 5

18

3. 68

0. 757

12

3. 77

1. 174

5 – 10

17

3. 46

0. 990

16

4. 03

1. 022

10 – 15

39

3. 92

0. 820

19

4. 03

0. 940

15 – 20

35

3. 71

1. 150

30

3. 96

0. 987

20 – 25

63

4. 12

1. 127

57

4. 12

0. 903

25 – 30

49

4. 16

1. 196

17

3. 85

0. 861

30 – 35

21

3. 91

1. 028

15

4. 10

0. 990

35 – 40

7

4. 00

0. 775

18

4. 27

1. 072

40 – 45

19

3. 91

0. 830

14

4. 23

1. 041

45 – 50

12

3. 74

0. 654

19

4. 04

0. 923

50 – 55

15

4. 45

0. 852

10

4. 02

0. 835

55 <

24

4. 17

1. 206

48

3. 93

0. 875

Results indicate that Serum sodium level was observed to be significantly different in females in all age groups. While in males of age group 10-15 and 50 above was observed to be significantly different at 0. 05.

Sodium alteration in all age groups suggest the future threats of sodium related disorders. According to Reynolds et al (2013) hypernatremia is an electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood shows symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, irritability, neuromuscular excitability and edema severe symtoms are usually due to acute elevation of plasma sodium concentration to above 157 mg/L.

Androgue et al (2000) suggests that dyponatremia can be flase or articifial hyponatremia in which case there is no hypotonicity. In acute hyponatremia sodium (salt) level drop rapidly resulting in Potentially dangerous effects, such as brain swelling, which can result in coma and death. (Ayus and Moritz 2010).

In present study potassium alteration suggest future threats of potassium related disorders. According to Hodg Kin and Huxley (1952) Hyperkalemia develops when there is excessive production of or ineffective elimination of potassium. Ineffective elimination can be hormonal or due to causes in the renat parenchyma that impair excretion. Increased extracellular potassium level results in depolarization of membrane potentials of cells due to the increase in the equilibrium potential of potassium. This depolarization opens some voltage-guted sodium channels, but also increases the inactivation at the same time. Above a certain level of potassium the depolarization inactivated. Sodium channels, opens potassium chanels, thus the cell become refructary. This leads to the impairment of neuromisscular cardiac, and gastrointestinal organ systems such a comprication might oceare in malnutrition status in tribes of present study area.

References:

  • Androgue, Horacio J, Madias, Nocolaos E (200). Hyponatremia. New England Journal of Medicine 342(21): 1581-9.
  • Ayus J. C., Moritz M. L. (2010) “ Bone disease as a new compolication of Hyponatremia, “ Moving beyond brain injury” Clinical Journal of the American society of Nephrology 5-(2): 167-168.
  • Beuter E, Waulen J (2006). The definition of anemia what is the lower limit of normal blood haemoglobin Concentration, Blood 107: 1747-50.
  • Geleijnse J. M, Kok F. J. D. E. Grobbee (2004). Impact of dietary and life style factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations European Journal of Public Health 14(3); 235-239.
  • Goldman M. J. (1973). Principles of clinical Electrocardiography 8 th ed. Los Altos, California LANGE medical publications P 293.
  • Hodgkin A. L., Huxley A. F. (1952). “ A quantitative description of membrane current and it’s application to conduction and excitation in nerve”. The Journal of Physiology 117(4): 500-544.
  • Jyothi M, Priya C, Sanil Rauf A Arun. (2012) Haematological Disorder from the Kota Tribes of Nilgiris, India Novel research Report.
  • Kaur M Kochar G. K. (2009); (2010); Burden of Anemia in rural and urban Jat Woman in Haryana State. India Mulaysian Journal of nutrition 15 (2); 175-184.
  • Kumar vishal and chaudhary v. P. (2010); Iron deficiency and infection Indian Journal of pedriatrics Vol 77.
  • Maton A; J Hopkins, C. W. Mc Laughlin, J. D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health Englewood Cliffs New Jersey, USA; Prentice Hall.
  • Rao T. V. Thunia V. (2014). Nutritinal status clinic-biochemical profile and obstetric outcome of pregnant women of Tribal Communities of purnia district (Bihar).
  • Raynolds R. M., Padfield P. L. J. R. Seckl (2013) “ Disorders of sodium balance” BMJ 332 (7543): 702-5.
  • Potts, WT and G Parry(1964). Osmotic and ionic regulation in animals. Pergamon Press.
  • Wright F. S. (1977). “ Sites and mechanisms of potassium transport along the renal tubule”. Kidney international 11(6); 415-432.
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