Rifabutin: a repurposing candidate for mycobacterium abscessus lung disease

Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a fast-growing cousin of the infamous Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Both bacteria cause difficult-to-cure lung disease. In contrast to the slow-growing obligate pathogen M. tuberculosis , Mab is an opportunistic pathogen. Ubiquitously present in soil and water, Mab typically causes disease in vulnerable populations, including immune-compromised patients and people suffering from lung disorders such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Whereas, a drug regime that cures tuberculosis within 6 months is available, cure rates for Mab with the currently recommended combinations are 50% at best ( Kwak et al., 2019 ). The prevalence of Mab pulmonary disease is increasing and more efficacious drugs are urgently needed ( Wu et al., 2018 ; Daniel-Wayman et al., 2019 ).

A key drug in the regimen against tuberculosis is rifampicin. Inclusion of this rifamycin in anti-tuberculosis therapy in the 1960’s resulted in dramatic treatment shortening and formed the basis of the 6-month curative regimen still in use today ( Ganapathy et al., 2019 ). However, rifampicin is not used clinically for the treatment of Mab disease due to its poor in vitro potency. Instead, the cornerstone of Mab disease therapy is a macrolide, either azithromycin or clarithromycin. It is plausible that the lack of a rifamycin in Mab regimens contributes to unfavorable outcomes ( Ganapathy et al., 2019 ).

In a screen of approved drugs against Mab, we were surprised to find that the rifampicin analog rifabutin ( Crabol et al., 2016 ) was active in vitro ( Aziz et al., 2017 ). The higher activity of rifabutin is likely due to differences in mycobacterial cell pharmacokinetics: rifampicin, containing a hydroquinone moiety, appears to be more readily metabolized by Mab than rifabutin. However, the mechanism underlying the differential potency remains to be determined ( Ganapathy et al., 2019 ). Importantly, it was demonstrated that rifabutin is bactericidal against Mab and active against all three Mab subspecies ( Aziz et al., 2017 ). Furthermore, no antagonistic effects with other clinically used anti-Mab antibiotics were found (reviewed in Ganapathy et al., 2019 ).

To provide additional preclinical data supporting repurposing of rifabutin, we recently measured its efficacy in a murine model of Mab lung disease. Rifabutin was as efficacious as the first line drug clarithromycin, both administered at the mouse equivalent of their clinically approved doses. As expected, rifampicin lacked efficacy ( Dick et al., 2019 ).

Interestingly, in vitro results are emerging suggesting that rifabutin is not only active as a single agent, but also appears to suppress inducible macrolide resistance, an intrinsic resistance mechanism frequently encountered in Mab isolates ( Nash et al., 2009 ). Co-treatment of macrolide resistant Mab with rifabutin and clarithromycin showed a synergistic effect. Rifabutin being an inhibitor of transcription appears to prevent effective transcriptional induction of the resistance-mediating whiB7-erm41 system ( Hurst-Hess et al., 2017 ; Aziz et al., 2020 ). Thus, rifabutin may hold macrolide resistant Mab in a macrolide susceptible state. If confirmed in vivo , this finding, would support a one-two punch attack against the infection.

Concomitant to these encouraging preclinical data, a first clinical success story was recently reported ( Cheng et al., 2019 ). Immune-compromised patients (producing antibodies against their own IFN-γ) who suffered from refractory disseminated Mab disease were treated with rifabutin-based combinations and followed up clinically as well as by imaging. The authors conclude that “ Rifabutin is an oral agent that can be effectively combined with azithromycin in long-term maintenance regimens against Mab in immunodeficient adults. Adverse effects are frequent early on; however, re-challenge appears to be safe and outcomes favorable” ( Cheng et al., 2019 ).

Our preclinical results, together with these early clinical data suggest that rifabutin may improve outcomes of refractory Mab disease. Just as inclusion of a rifamycin was a game changer in the treatment of tuberculosis, rifabutin may both improve cure rates and reduce treatment duration of largely incurable Mab lung disease.

Author Contributions

The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.

Funding

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01AI132374 and U19AI142731. The content is solely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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