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Psy 211 exam #3 study guide

Internal mental processesMemory, abstract reasoning, critical judgment, language representation, spatial representation, conceptual/analytical thought, creative thinking, problem solvingLateral ThinkingThinking outside the box ONPSY 211 EXAM #3 STUDY GUIDE SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowAnagramsScrambled letters that must be rearranged to form words or expressionsBrainstormingThe notion that two, three, or four heads are better than one and that more relevant ideas will be produced by a group than a single person; any process that can help to generate possibilities that will aid the production stage in problem solvingAlgorithmA set of instructions that will guarantee the success of a procedure of the ultimate solution to a problemHeuristicA short cut of rule of thumb that speeds up the problem solving process by using an educated guess, common sense, or your intuitionFunctional FixednessA problem solving bias rather than a strategy; difficulty switching to a new and uncommon use of a tool or objectProblem Solving SetLearning to adopt strategies for solving past problem that may not be helpful for future items

Example: After the first mystery of a man dying in a room full of bicycles, you want to assume that the next mystery of a man who was running and stopped by a man with a mask and never made it home” is also about murder, when it’s actually about a baseball

SatisficingWe settle for solutions that are sub-optimal, ” good enough” Habit Family HierarchyThe organism comes equipped with a family of responses that are arranged in a hierarchy of strength based on past experience of their effectivenessInsightA sudden understanding of how all the elements in a problem fit together and form the solution to the problemPerceptual RestructuringYou must see the problem in a different way; you must re-conceptualize the problem; you must have the epiphany about extending the lines beyond the perimeter, once the insight occurs, then the problem becomes solvableGoal DirectionThe view that problem solving is not a mechanical process of building behaviors on top of behaviors but a directional process guided by the nature of the problemSearch-Scan SchemeBalance between searching for alternative solutions and scanning the consequences of a solutionMeans-End AnalysisBreak problem into sub-goals then solve each sub-goalWorking BackwardsStart with a known solution, then follow steps backward to a problem statePlanning ProcessReduce problem to a simpler form, find smaller sub-problems and compare it to similar problems you’ve faced to make it more clearCreative FluencyThe ability to generate many possible approaches or potential solutions to a problemCreative FlexibiityThe ability to let go and not fixate on an approach of solutionOriginalityThe approaches or potential solutions are unusual, novel, or ” off-the wall” Pragmatic CreativityThe ability to think of useful, practical, worthwhile ideas and not fanciful or silly notionsDivergent CreativityCreative ideas or products that flourish and extend from a single sourceConvergent CreativityCreative ideas that coalesce around a single point of origin; many things combine to one thingAttribute LearningIdentify the relevant features or dimensionsRule LearningDiscover how attributes are combinedAffirmation RuleConcept has a single attribute that is either present or absent

Example: Speed Limit is 65 MPH

Conjunction RuleConcept has two or more attributes and all must be present to identify it

Example: A car has wheels AND doors

Disjunction RuleConcept has two or more attributes, either or both can be present

Example: Doctor can have either a PhD or an MD

Conditional RuleConcept has two or more attributes defined by a condition ” if, then” rule

Example: You’re in a school zone, if a sign is posted, then drive below posted speed

Reversal ShiftShifting to respond to a set of stimuli with an opposite characteristic than the first setExtradimensional ShiftShifting to respond to a set of stimuli with a different characteristic than a first setSensorimotor Stage(0-2 years old) Sensory and motor coordinator, egocentrism, representational thoughtPre-Operational Stage(2-7 years old) Object permanence, simple classificationConcrete Operational Thought(7-11 years old) Complex classifications, reversibilityFormal ThoughtAbstract thought, hypothetical reasoning

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