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Learning psy test 2

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively. rat and loud soundThe CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________. rat ONLEARNING PSY TEST 2 SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowThe first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________. Mary Cover JonesIn treating Peter’s fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________. counterconditioningThe most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________. virtual realityBarbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________. flyingOne VRET program for treating spider phobias is called ______. SpiderWorldThe studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________. higher-order conditioningThe research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of
__________. Staats and StaatsThe term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________. paraphiliasThe use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________. evaluative conditioningPavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans. masochisticPeople are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________. precede positive eventsIn ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug. aversionBarry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______. exposing them to an unpleasant odorA follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________. improved as much as voluntary patientsThe CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________. flavored water and radiationGarcia’s first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________. interval between CS and US was several minutesGarcia’s interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________. licoriceBlue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________. conditioned taste aversionSenatorial candidate Smith’s popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of__________. emotional conditioningMorgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove
weeds from a vineyard without damaging the grape plants. sheepElnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with__________. toothpasteResearchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of ____________ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand. soft drinksShepard Siegel’s work suggests that some deaths attributed to _____________ are actually the result of conditioning. drug overdoseDiana Woodruff-Pak found that people who condition slowly are more likely to develop ___________. dementiaIf a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is__________. allergic to pollenResearch shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show __________. decreased immune functioningConditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by __________. Ivan PavlovThe phenomenon of __________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones. latent inhibitionE. L. Thorndike’s studies of learning started as an attempt to understand _______. animal intelligenceThorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a ” supernormal psychology of animals.” anecdotalIn one of Thorndike’s puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it
was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________. treadle stepping increased because it had a ” satisfying effect” Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials. decrease in timeThe law of effect says that _______. behavior is a function of its consequencesThorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____. social psychologyThorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______. successOperant learning is sometimes called ________ learning. instrumental________ gave Skinner’s experimental chamber the name, ” Skinner box.” Clark HullOperant learning may also be referred to as _______. instrumental learningMary’s grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can’t go anywhere without a member of the family because she can’t communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl’s resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______. the benefits she receives for not speaking EnglishMary decides to try to modify Pearl’s behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, ” Pass the potatoes” in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl’s behavior is ______. positive reinforcementCharles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______. the consequence of the behavior must be positiveThe one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______. strengthen behaviorThe number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______. fourPositive reinforcement is sometimes called _______. reward learningNegative reinforcement is also called _______. escape-avoidance trainingAlan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly. pigeonsSkinner describes some of his most important research in _______. The Behavior of OrganismsThe author of your text calls Skinner the ______. Darwin of behavior scienceThe opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______. primary reinforcerAll of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______. classicalDonald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with ______. waterThe level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _______ reinforcer. secondarySecondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers. conditionedMoney is a good example of a _______ reinforcer. generalizedThe Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______. occurred as Albert reached for the ratStudies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______. contiguitySchlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________. preceding the reinforcer with a stimulusAn action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______. motivating operation________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing. Olds and Milner_____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement. DopamineClark Hull’s explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____. reduce a driveThe best title for the figure below is ______. The Effect of Practice without ReinforcementSylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory. relative valuePremack’s name is most logically associated with _______. relative value theoryThe Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______. a relation between behaviorsAccording to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise. response deprivationThe distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that _______. the aversive event is not signaledDouglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________. timeAccording to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______. a reduction in the number of aversive eventsShaping is the reinforcement of successive _______. approximations of a desired behaviorThe figure below from your text illustrates _______. shapingSkinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________. bowlAll of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except ________. never back upThe first step in building a behavior chain is to do a ______. task analysisSkinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior chain. Plyny was a ______. ratThe classic experiments on insightful problem solving were done with chimpanzees by _________. Wolfgang KohlerInsightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of _______. operant learningThe banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler’s experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ______. depends on an organism’s learning historyIn her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to _______. reinforce novel behaviorSome studies show that offering rewards reduces creativity. Research by Robert Eisenberger and others suggests that this is because in these studies _______. the rewards were not contingent on creative behaviorProbably the best way of increasing the creativity of stories in an English class is to _______. praise particularly original storiesSuperstitous behavior is behavior that occurs repeatedly despite the fact that it __________. does not produce the reinforcers that maintain itKoichi Ono got superstitious behavior in university students by providing points noncontingently at regular intervals. One student ended up repeatedly ______. jumping to touch the ceilingStudies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure. escape trainingOne idea for preventing learned helplessness is _______ training. immunizationRobert Eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ______. industriousnessStuart Vyse’s book on superstition is called _______. Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition

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