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Operant conditioning terms

Law of EffectThorndike’s general theory of learning: Any behavior that leads to a ” satisfying state of affairs” will likely occur again, and any behavior that leads to an ” annoying state of affairs”. ReinforcerA stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. ONOPERANT CONDITIONING TERMS SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowShapingA process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to desired behavior. Positive ReinforcementThe increase in the probability of a behavior’s being repeated following the administration of a stimulus. Negative ReinforcementThe increase in the probability of a behavior’s being repeated through the removal of a stimulus. Positive PunishmentPunishment that occurs with the administration of a stimulus and thus decreases the probability of a behavior recurring. Negative PunishmentPunishment that occurs with the removal of a stimulus and thus decreases the probability of a behavior’s recurring. Continuous ReinfrocementA type of learning in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. Partial ReinforcementA type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently. Ratio ScheduleA schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs. Interval scheduleA schedule in which reinforcement is available after a specific unit of time. Fixed ScheduleA schedule in which reinforcement is consistently provided upon each occurrence. Variable ScheduleA schedule in which reinforcement is applied at different rates or at different times. Partial-reinforcement extinction effectThe greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. Behavior modificationThe use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones. Cognitive MapA visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. [Rats & Goal Box Within Maze]Latent LearningLearning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement. (Insight learning)MemeA unit of knowledge transferred within culture. [Monkey washing off sweet potatoes.]Observational LearningLearning that occurs when behaviors are acquired or modified following exposure to others performing the behavior. [The Bobo Dolls]. ModelingThe imitation of behavior through observational learning. Vicarious LearningLearning that occurs when people learn the consequences of an action by observing others being rewarded or punished for performing the action. Mirror NeuronsNeurons that are activated during observation of others performing an action. Intercrannial Self-StimulationSelf administered shocks to pleasure centers located within brain. Nucleus AccumbensSubcortcial brain region part of the limbic system and the experience of pleasure usually results from activation of dopamine neurons in this area. EngramStorage of learned material. HabituationA decrease in behavioral response following repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli. SesatizationAn increase in behavioral response following exposure to a threatening stimulus. Long-Term PotentiationThe strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated.

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