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Psychology final – operant conditioning and observational learning

Operant ConditioningA type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behaviorB. F. SkinnerPsychologist who is most associated with operant conditioning. Used pigeons in most of his experiments, but at one point even used his own child in his ” box”. Studied the role of responses in learning. ONPSYCHOLOGY FINAL – OPERANT CONDITIONING AND OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowReinforcementA pleasant consequence that strengthens the tendency to repeat a behavior. Ex: Getting candy for a correct responsePunishmentA unpleasant consequence that weakens the tendency to repeat a behavior. Ex: being told by the teacher that your response was stupid leads you to raise your hand in class less. Positive ReinforcementWhen a behavior is followed by desirable event or state. Doing well on a test after studying. You study more often after receiving the good grade. Negative ReinforcementWhen a behavior ends an undesirable event or state. You get a 0 after copying someone’s homework. You stop copying homework. ShapingReinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to the one you want to occur; new technique used to establish new behaviors. Ex: Teaching a dog how to roll over. Variable-ratio scheduleIn operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses. Ex: GamblingFixed intervalIn operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period of time. Ex: A teacher who only collects homework on WednesdaysFixed ratioIn operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses. Ex: Buy 3 t-shirts get the 4th t-shirt free. Variable-intervalIn operant conditioning, a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time. Ex: Pop Quizzes – you never know when they are coming. Observational LearningLearning by observing others. Ex: Violence on TV or learning from Sesame StreetBo-Bo doll experimentChildren would watch adults toss the bobo doll around and shout things like ” sock him in the nose… hit him down… kick him” and then put the children in a room with the same doll and they would mimick the exact thing the adults didAlbert BanduraPsychologist who conducted the Bobo doll experiment – leader in observational learning. Believed that humans learn from observing others.

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