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Legal framework in making of new india tourism essay

Author: DANISH AKRAM[1]Co-Author 1: MANISH THAKUR[2]

Email: Danish. ghy@gmail. com

Contact Number: +91 8859429194

Introduction:

The world is changing; the power has shifted and perhaps nowhere is this as apparent as in India. Tourism in and from India is not only at an all time high but is growing faster than in any other region. Home to almost hail of the globes population, the potential of India as a tourist feeder market is beyond comparison, India tourism is set to dwarf all other markets including today’s giants Germany and the U. S. Indian tourism industry has performed quite well in the last couple of years. The Indian tourism industry has outperformed the global tourism industry in terms of growth in the volume of international tourist as well as in terms of revenue. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) have named India along with China as one of the faster growing tourism industries for the next 10 to 15 years. In order to sustain this growth and meet the expectations, it is essential for the Government of India to invest in infrastructure such as transport and accommodations. Apart of the foreign exchange we earn from International tourist in addition to what our domestic sightseers contribute during their travel and stay is further spent to improve tourism infrastructure. IN turn, it adds to the number of incoming tourist exchange bring people closer together and has a great impact upon area development within the country. The proposing tourism sustains the revival of traditional skills, local arts, craft works, activities of the performing folk artists. The massive number of tourists visiting only a few popular places has gone beyond their carrying capacity. We shall therefore, take up the problems of mass or unplanned tourism and shall look into the possible regional as well as national polices for adopting measures to tackle them.

Research Method:

The research method designs will be descriptive in nature. The method of data collection will be mainly based on secondary dat. However an effort will be made to collect primary data by taking information from competent person off and on. The following studies represent I comprehensive summary of the challenges and prospects of Indian tourism in 21st century. In this context, the present study will examine the different types and benefits of tourism co-exist for the optimum utilization of sources. Then, determine the key strategies are required for the growth of Indian tourism. Over and above study will explore the challenge and prospects in Indian tourism sector. Based on the recurring concepts in the existing literature, the paper concludes with some recommendations for how Indian tourism can foster to develop economy. These objectives have been taken in mind to justify the dominant role of tourism for the holistic development of country.

Foreign Exchange Earning:

We earn a good chunk of our foreign exchange from what the incoming tourists from European countries spend in India. The from about 50% of all tourist arrivals. In practical term, India’s total foreign exchange earning in U. S dollars did rise 4. 122 billion dollars in the last decade. In proportion to further increase in world’s foreign exchange from tourism over the years the percentage share of our country remains at almost the same position in 2004 as it was about ten year earlier.

Tourism Then and Now:

For the first time, tourism was mentioned in India’s second five year plan in early sixties. Government of India took up a scheme for development of facilities at places frequently visited by foreign tourist. The state governments were asked to attend to the needs of middle and low income domestic tourist at places frequently visited by them. It was felt to protect the environment in view of the increase in the number of visitors. It was in 1985-90 plan period when the states was accorded to tourism and to organize circuit tour suiting specific areas was considered by the incoming tourist. At the world’s level, it is one of the largest in terms money spent by tourist in the countries they visit. This amount is said to exceed the GNP of many countries with the exception of the U. S. AAround 15. 3 million person forming 3. 2% of our work force are directly employed in the hospitality services related to tourism industry. These workers are employed in hotels, restaurants, bars, transport services; running for tourist along popular trunk routes and in gift or souvenir shops at tourism sports. A major chunk of directly employed workers look after catering, all matters of accommodation and different modes of transport for tourist in host country.

Community Based Tourism:

Community-Based Tourism for conservation and development services as a guide for planners and field-based staff to design, implement and manage community based tourism, community based tourism for conservation and development is designed primarily for field-based professional who work with communities origination to plan for and develop community based tourism as a tool for achieving conservation and community developments objectives. Professionals may be government staff from departments or tourism, protected area, forestry, conservation, community development, local government or community leaders; members of non government organization (NGOs); representatives of the private sector e. g, tour operators, hotel/lodge owners or guides. Community based tourism is used to describe a variety of a activities that encourage and support a wide range of objectives in economics and social development and conservation. The purpose is to provide a discussion of some of key affecting community based tourism and its promotion and sustainability. Community based tourism is a visitors host interaction that has meaningful participation by both and generates economics and conservation and environments. For a developing countries their natural and cultural heritage continues to be a source of significant economic benefits, attracting international and domestic visitors often in search of an authentic natural and, to a lesser degree, cultural experience, however detailed information on the numbers of visitors visiting natural areas and the amount of resultant economic activity in developing countries is difficult to obtain unreliable. Community Based tourism associated with natural and protected areas, has been and continues to be a growing sector in the global tourism industry, of the estimated $55 billion in tourism receipts received in the third world, a significant position of this early 1990s was the result of nature tourism. Community based tourism related to the increased sense of environment and social responsibility in tourism plus sustainability, community based tourism is also gaining popularity as part of strategies for conservation and development over half of the 20 projects supported by the biodiversity conservation network (BCN) to implement community conservation enterprises in Asia/Pacific region had a tourism component. Many organizations and agencies working in tourism have staff assigned to developing small-scale tourism programs that benefit local communities and habitats.

A Rationale for community-based Tourism

Policies based on strict enforcement and protection to conserve natural resources has not always been successful, and neither has top down centralized decision-making and management of the development process. From an environmental and economic perspective, if local people are not involved, it is likely over time, the resources on which tourism depends will be destroyed and the investment lost[3]. A moral perspective that argues that management by local people accompanied by devolved decision-making is more preferable since it can be more accountable and sustainable in the long-term. In the case of tourism, another related issue that supports the interest in Community-based Tourism is the commercialization, monopolization and accumulation of benefits from tourism among relatively small numbers of beneficiaries. There has been and continues to be increasing concern that benefits be more widely distributed, especially since the costs are often borne by local communities in the form of restricted or loss of access to resources at the sites. It is important to note that the objectives of Community-based Tourism are not always focused around natural resource conservation and linkages with economic development. Cultural conservation, community and/or gender empowerment, poverty alleviation, income generation are also primary purposes in many cases. In any intervention and planning effort, the critical issue is to be clear about the objectives, and to focus activities including monitoring and evaluation around these. For the purposes of this Kit and this particular application of Community-based Tourism, the following assumptions have been made regarding objectives.

Development of Underdeveloped Areas:

The travel of foreign visitors in our country forms the basis for development of tourism as a kind of India’s export industry. It is a key to raise the level of economic activity through the sale of products and services to travelers. Away from the centers of mass production, each local area is known for some specimen of its craftsmanship which catches the fancy of the tourists. More the nu of visitors, greater is the demand for sale of a variety of such articles. Correspondingly it increases the opportunities of employment in local areas. These advantages are of special interest to the relatively under-developed areas within the country. The non-industrialized or partly industrialized areas are largely populated by peasants practicing subsistence type of agriculture. There is a genre scarcity of alternate resources which can be utilized for productive economic activity in such types of areas. Such areas form pockets of various sizes widespread throughout the length and breadth of India. A part of the amount of expenditure spent by foreign tourists during their stay is left as a direct source of income for the local residents. The money paid by the visitors to business people turns into wages of workers used for their services. The development of tourism provides at least seasonal employment to the in India young unemployed people and a side job to the women or the elderly persons. The craftsmanship gets revived. At the country level, the list of such products is very long. Even the articles looking just very ordinary arouse the interest of tourists. These are sold like hot cakes in the tourist markets, at a handsome premium. The youngsters from these areas usually migrate to urban centers to seek jobs. In course of time, the sale of locally produced things and the jobs created for serving the incoming tourists halts the drift of the youth from underdeveloped localities. Tourism creates new sources of income for investors, landowners and banks. It increases the scope of more taxes for the government. This happens rapidly when projects of building or renovating the tourist resorts are undertaken. Money starts flowing in both from the public and private sources. Bank may go in for raising loans in order to take up such ventures. This money or the capital resources were earlier concentrated in a few highly industrialized regions. They start getting transferred to the underdeveloped areas. Recreative tourism thus helps to filter down the growth of economy from national to lower order regions and to local levels. The trend corrects the regional imbalances of development considerably in the long run.

Effect on Environment:

Environment remains a source of tourist attraction as long as it is not damaged beyond control. But it needs a grater care to protect all its components from the harmful effect of mass tourism. The soil particles get compacted or dislodged under an unbearable pressure of pony traffic or of human feet. Heavier vehicular traffic creates ruts on asphalt or on the soil of tourist trails. The run-off of water or snow melts from the rutted surface and from over the compacted soil increases. The valuable top soil from jungle tracks and along hill slopes once lost distracts the tourist. A greater run- off may even harm the roads and the foundations of buildings in the tourist area. The litter of non-degradable materials like plastics tins or chemical pollutants are found scattered all over the sites, even on the seasonally important camping grounds. The general tourists and the trekkers need to be told to keep their routes and destinations clean. An unmanageable rush of tourists to any open space in the wilderness kills the grasses. Hardier and less desirable species start replacing the original plant cover. A declining biodiversity as a result of all sorts of human activity is decried in the latest United Nations Report on assessment of ecosystems. The wild animals and the birds always move away to avoid human contact. If it is not possible for them to keep away, they may even die. The loss of ground shelter, bad quality of water, frequent dredging of silt from wetlands, silting of wetlands and an excessive noise disturb the wild life. In Jawaharlal Lal Nehru’s words, ” Man continues to be not only wild but more dangerous than any of the so-called wild animal’s inspite of our culture and civilization.” The poor people also plundered the wilderness out of their compulsions. The habitats for surviving wild animals are now being preserved in a chain of sanctuaries. But current reports of development work in their core areas unfavorable to the conservation of wild life, are disturbing. For an example, instead of relocating all villages away from the core of Maharashtra’s top tiger reserve of Meghan, tamed roads have been built in it. Tigers often burn their bows by walking on them in hot summer. Tiger not Geography of Tourism a social animal is disturbed by the noise of moving traffic. Roads also give easy in India mobility to their poaches. A good quality and sufficient quantity of water is equally essential for keeping alive the tourist industry. The use of swimming pools and of water required for washing, drinking, sewerage and sanitation goes on increasing as the number of Notes tourists increases. The shortage and the pollution of water ads to the prevailing insanitary conditions and the diseases in densely populated country like India. An unregulated inflow of visitors to tourist places in the vicinity are so affected by such conditions that they may decide to keep away from them the next time. The debris kept lying for long as a result of any developmental activity, kitchen sewerage unless treated, garbage dumps, landfills and fuel spills distract the tourists. Great quantities of fish raised in the polluted water bodies to meet an increasing demand in restaurants suffer a loss. How sensitive is the tourist industry to all the adverse change in environment if it is not properly conserved is a moot question. It is aptly described that tourism = nature’s beauty + wild life + cultural attractions + ecology. All these are the components of one single and indivisible system. They need to be conserved in conserved in order to protect the very resource base of tourism from destruction. Many of our ancient monuments are not looked after properly to retain their age old attractions. Heavy rush of tourists day in and day out in Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta caves is reported to be creating an excessive amount of humidity. It checks free circulation of air inside them. It has led to the deterioration of wall paintings and the rock frescoes. The choked sewers close to the popular tourist destination of Jaisalmer’s fort town is a dirty sight. The temples and the statues of Hampi show a number of scars as a result of badly applied techniques of restoration. The vibrations caused by the taking off and the landing of aero planes at a runway too close to the Khajuraho temples are harming the sculptures. This air route was opened mostly for carrying the hordes of hurrying tourists. Even Jantar Mantar at Delhi is no longer functioning astronomically because the unchecked construction of sky scrapers around does not admit the required sunlight to its structures. One such example is the successful effort supported through a court order to clear a 10, 500 sq. km area surrounding the Taj Mahal at Agra to keep it an glimmering a site as it was earlier. There was the danger that the world famous monument would lose its charm because of the pollutants thrown in air around from Mathura oil refinery and thousands of factories nearby. Now the whole area called ‘ Taj Trapezium’ extending right upto Bharatpur bird sanctuary and Firozabad glass factories has been cleared of factory and a green belt has been laid around it. The air pollution from Mathura refinery has also been controlled. But the riverside of Yamuna continues to be as dirtier as many other rivers and the cities around are turning to be. Another success story is the resolution of Delhi’s problem of air pollution caused by an uncontrolled increase in the number of petroleum using vehicles. Delhi passed through troublesome times for switching over from petroleum driven local buses and taxies to the use of CNG (condensed natural gas) as people friendly material. It has resulted in radically reducing the quantity of pollutants in air one feels the difference by breathing freely and safely while moving along the roads of the capital city. Still a number of gutter adding factory garbage and untreated sewerage to Yamuna river water remain too brought under control. It has been realized that pollution levels must be reduced to save people from badly affecting health pollutions and original appearance of the largest numbers of monuments in this centuries old city. Close to the national capital, illegal mining activity with dynamite in place of slow and steady manual digging has been reported. It is telling upon the age-old beauty of rocks in the Braj Bhumi of Mathura Vrindavan. The above examples give us an idea of the increasing pollution of air, water and the land undermining the very resource base of tourism and also the change for the better where their ice effects could be checked. It is an accepted wisdom that mass tourism, by and large is dreadful. It has physically ruined many a coastline by encroachments of second rate building structures or by wholesale destruction of mangrove forests. It has degraded the forested hill slopes reduced the normal discharge of surface water and the re-charge of ground water. The mere check on inflow of tourists as an exclusive single step will not solve the problem. The participation of local people and of administration to protect their environment will be necessary. An example of great annoyance of local communities with authorities controlling wild life sanctuaries making their conservation unsustainable stands witness to it. Villagers depending upon livestock have been moved out of the sanctuaries and even small scale agriculture has been banned with no other alternative means of living provided. Three local people could have been involved in cooperative tourism. They could have been trained for running the tourist jeeps, guiding the visitors or managing the catteries. Neither their incomes have been secured, nor their villages relocated or settlement rights protected. Even after controlling the in India rapidly increasing number of tourists, efforts to conserve wild animals and birds are ineffective without resolving the clash of the interests of villagers and park management.

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