1,252
9
Essay, 2 pages (400 words)

In be larger. the nuclei of the

In diplo- tene stage of meiosis, the yolk-rich oocytes of vertebrates con­tain the nuclei with many lamp brush-shaped chromosomes of exceptionally large sizes. The lamp brush chromosomes (dis­covered by Ruckert in 1892) are formed during the active syn­thesis of mRNA molecules for the future use by the egg during cleavage when no synthesis of mRNA molecules is possible due to active involvement of chromosomes in the mitotic cell division.

2. Giant chromosomes or salivary gland chromosomes: Balbiani in 1881 was first observed salivary gland chromo­somes in the salivary glands of dipteran hence it is called as salivary gland chromosomes. Due to presence of many chromonemal fibrils on them these chromosomes are termed as polytene chromosomes by Koller. 3. B chromosomes/accessory chromosomes/supernumerary chromosomes: In many species, one too many chromosomes in addition to the normal somatic complement are found, these extra chromosomes are called ‘ B’ chromosomes. These chro­mosomes are smaller in size than the chromosomes of the nor­mal somatic complement but in some species they may be larger. The nuclei of the salivary gland cells of the larvae of dipterans like Drosophila have unusually long and wide chro­mosomes, 100 or 200 times in size of the chromosomes in meiosis and mitosis of the same species. This is particularly surprising, since the salivary gland cells do not divide after the glands are formed, yet their chromosomes replicate several times (a process called endomitosis) and become exception­ally giant-sized to be called polytene or multi-stranded chro­mosomes (discovered by Balbiani (1881) and named by Koller).

The endomitosis process result in the production of 2X chromosomes, where X gives the number of multiplication cycle. 4. Holokinetic chromosomes: The chromosomes of most plants and animals have centromeres that are situated at one specific position in each chromosome. In a number of animals, an espe­cially in insect of the order Hemiptera and a few, mostly monocotyledonous plants (Juncales, Cyperales), the kinetic activity is distributed over the entire chromosome and such chromosomes are called Holokinetic chromosomes (Sybenga, 1972).

The term -diffuse centromere has been used as an alter­native but is not quite logical. In 1966 Flach observed this type of centromere in some primitive dicotyledons (Ranales: Myristica, Ascaris and Pseudoscorpion Tityus also possess such polycentric chromosomes). In mitotic metaphase, the chromatids of a Holokinetic chro­mosome orient parallel in the equator: one chromatid towards one pole the other towards the other pole. This is also the way they separate in anaphase and they maintain this orientation until they arrive at the poles. Probably kinetic activity starts at one point and proceed from there on, orienting each unit to the preceding one.

Thank's for Your Vote!
In be larger. the nuclei of the. Page 1
In be larger. the nuclei of the. Page 2
In be larger. the nuclei of the. Page 3

This work, titled "In be larger. the nuclei of the" was written and willingly shared by a fellow student. This sample can be utilized as a research and reference resource to aid in the writing of your own work. Any use of the work that does not include an appropriate citation is banned.

If you are the owner of this work and don’t want it to be published on AssignBuster, request its removal.

Request Removal
Cite this Essay

References

AssignBuster. (2022) 'In be larger. the nuclei of the'. 2 October.

Reference

AssignBuster. (2022, October 2). In be larger. the nuclei of the. Retrieved from https://assignbuster.com/in-be-larger-the-nuclei-of-the/

References

AssignBuster. 2022. "In be larger. the nuclei of the." October 2, 2022. https://assignbuster.com/in-be-larger-the-nuclei-of-the/.

1. AssignBuster. "In be larger. the nuclei of the." October 2, 2022. https://assignbuster.com/in-be-larger-the-nuclei-of-the/.


Bibliography


AssignBuster. "In be larger. the nuclei of the." October 2, 2022. https://assignbuster.com/in-be-larger-the-nuclei-of-the/.

Work Cited

"In be larger. the nuclei of the." AssignBuster, 2 Oct. 2022, assignbuster.com/in-be-larger-the-nuclei-of-the/.

Get in Touch

Please, let us know if you have any ideas on improving In be larger. the nuclei of the, or our service. We will be happy to hear what you think: [email protected]