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Imported foods: a case study essay

Sijie Gao ID 1336157Case Study on Imported FoodsIntroductionEU states can merchandise their nutrient merchandises freely with all member provinces within EU.

But Food and provender which are imported from the states which outside the EU have more demands. By and large, Harmonizing to Article 11, Regulation ( EC ) No 178/2002, to be placed on the markets within the Community, the imported nutrient have to follow with the relevant demands of nutrient jurisprudence or the specific understandings between importing and exporting states. On the other manus, harmonizing to Article 6, Regulation ( EC ) No 178/2002, to follow the general purpose of a protection of human wellness and life, the demands should establish on hazard analysis.

Some nutrients may be considered with high hazard or harmful. For illustration, they may be toxic or cause unwellness. So some particular regulations and certifications are taken to cut down this hazard to public wellness. Food Standards Agency ( FSA ) may give specific regulations to peculiar states or groceries and curtail their import. Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed ( RASFF ) is a effectual European nutrient safety qui vive system which base on Article 50, 51, 52, Regulation ( EC ) No 178/2002 and it is managed by European Commission. This watchful provide an effectual tool for governments to interchange information about serious hazards that caused by nutrient or provender. If a nutrient merchandise is consider as a high hazard merchandise which means that it may menace public wellness, it will be control by Regulation ( EC ) No 669/2009 which base on Article 53, Regulation ( EC ) No 178/2002 and Article 15, 63, Regulation ( EC ) No 882/2004.

Harmonizing to Article 2, Regulation ( EC ) No 669/2009, a RASFF presentments means this nutrient is high hazard and should hold an increased degree of official controls at the designated point of entry which means that the merchandises should entry EU through designated ports and there should be individuality and physical cheques as a board review. Finally, all of the information about the high hazard merchandises should be reported to European Commission as feedback. This study will concentrate on 4 distinguishable instances which are all non-animal beginning merchandises from different states, place their major hazard, safe degree in nutrient merchandises and legal controls. Rice Noodles from JapanJapan is a states that have equivalence understandings with U. K. so there was no import limitations ( GOV. UK, 2013 ) . But following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi atomic power works, the nutrient which are imported from Japan become high hazard to the public wellness and the nutrient from Japan get down to be restricted.

The chief hazard to public wellness of the nutrient from Japan is radiation, so the chief safety analysis is the sum degree of caesium-134 and caesium-137 in the imported nutrient. Both caesium-134 and caesium-137 are the isotopes of cesium which is a type of alkali metal. At the same times, both of them have radiation which may do many types of wellness jobs. If there is big sums of radioactive caesium in your organic structure, it can damage your organic structure cells from the radiation. Harmonizing to some researches on rats, caesium-137 can act upon cardiovascular system ( Gueguen, 2008 ) , cardinal nervous system ( Houpert, 2004 ) and internal variety meats ( Racine, 2009 ) .

At same times, rat experiment show that high doses of radiation from caesium-137 can better hazard of mammary tumours and this influence is more obvious for younger 1s ( ASTDR, 2004 ) . On the other manus, both caesium-134 and caesium-137 are longe-lived radioisotopes which means that they have long half-life particularly for caesium-137. The half life of caesium-134 is 2. 06 old ages and that of caesium-137 is 30. 07 old ages ( Kenneth, 2013 ) . So they can be kept in organic structures for long clip and do long-run deductions.

Harmonizing to the international ordinance, the maximal degree of caesium-137 in both infant nutrient and other nutrient is 1000Bq/Kg ( FAO, 2011 ) . But harmonizing to Regulation ( EU ) No 996/2012 AnnexII, this restriction is much lower in the Nipponese statute law. the maximal degree of caesium-137 in infant nutrient is 50Bq/Kg and that for other nutrient is 100Bq/Kg. To command the import nutrient from Japan, after the accident, Commission implementing Regulation ( EU ) No 297/2011 as an exigency step which base on Article 53 of Regulation ( EC ) No 178/2002. This ordinance was replaced several times and eventually be replaced by Regulation ( EU ) No 996/2012 which is powerful until now and it was amended by Regulation ( EU ) No 495/2013. The ordinance is suited for all nutrients that harvested or processed after the accident.

Harmonizing to Regulation ( EU ) No 996/2012, all provender and nutrient from Fukushima need to be sampled and analyzed earlier exported to EU. In other 9 prefectures ( Gunma, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Miyagi, Saitama, Tokyo, Iwate, Chiba and Kanagawa ) , merely some veggies, fruits, rice, soya beans and their merchandises need to be sampled and analyzed. So in this instance, as a type of rice merchandise, rice noodles is included in the ordinance. If the merchandise was harvested or processed in these 9 prefectures or Fukushima after the accident, there will be some serious restrictions during the import. Otherwise, the merchandise will be considered as low hazard and can be imported as normal procedure. The nutrient from Japan should be imported with a declaration which should be signed by an authorised representative of the competent Nipponese authorization to certify that the merchandise is safe and run into the ordinance.

The merchandises should be imported from designated ports or airdromes which should be noticed by a anterior presentment with the estimated arrive clip and 5 % of the cargos should be inspected by physical and individuality cheques which include laboratory analysis for the degree of caesium-134 and caesium-137. All the costs should be paid by nutrient concern operators. Merely compliant merchandises can entry EU and be sold on markets. And harmonizing to Regulation ( EC ) No 669/2009, inside informations of each cargo, figure of figure of cargos subjected to trying for analysis and consequences should be provided to Commission monthly. Peanutss from ChinaIn the past twelvemonth, there are 10s of RASFF notifies about the imported peanuts from China. Most of them were rejected by boundary line review and about all of the rejections caused by high degree of Aflatoxins ( RASFF Database, 2013 ) .

Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus ( Odette, 1983 ) . Although there are more than 10 types of Aflatoxin, 6 of them are much more celebrated, Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 , M 1 and M 2 . Aflatoxin M 1 and M 2 can merely be found in milk and other Aflatoxins can be found in other nutrients particularly in corn and peanuts ( Boutrif, 1998 ) . Aflatoxins are Group 1 cancerogen which means that they can existent cause malignant neoplastic disease for human ( IARC, 2013 ) . Many groundss show that Aflatoxin can increase the hazard of liver malignant neoplastic disease evidently ( Aguilar, 1993 ) .

On the other manus, non merely Aflatoxin can do malignant neoplastic disease as a long-run deduction but besides they have strong toxicity as a type of chemical substance particularly for Aflatoxin B 1 . Aflatoxin B 1 has stronger toxicity than nitrile and high degree consumption of Aflatoxin may do an acute hepatic mortification ( Williams, 2004 ) . As Aflatoxins are necessarily exist in many nutrients but high degree of Aflatoxins may do wellness hazards, EU modulate the maximal degree of Aflatoxin B 1 and amount of Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 in nutrients. Harmonizing to Regulation ( EC ) No 1881/2006, the maximal degree of Aflatoxin B 1 in comestible portion of peanuts for direct human ingestion is 2? g/kg and that of amount of Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 is 4? g/kg. At the same times, the restrictions for the peanuts that need physical intervention before direct human ingestion is 8? g/kg and 15? g/kg. To command the degree of Aflatoxins in the imported nutrient from a 3rd state, Commission implementing Regulation ( EC ) No 1152/2009 which was amended by Regulation ( EU ) No 274/2012 and Regulation ( EU ) No 91/2013 afterwards.

All of there ordinances base on Article 53 of Regulation ( EC ) No 178/2002. Harmonizing to these ordinances, to be imported into EU, the peanuts should be sampled and analyzed before export and imported with consequences of trying and analysis and a wellness certification which signed and verified by an authorised representative of relevant governments. In this peculiar instance, the certification of peanuts from China should be verified by State Administration for Entry-Exit review and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China. The merchandises should besides entry through designated points ( DPEs ) which should be noticed by a anterior presentment with the estimated arrive clip and there is larboard review at the first point of debut. Specifically, approximately 20 % of the cargos of peanuts from China should be sampled and analyzed once more. All the costs should paid by nutrient concern operators.

Merely compliant merchandises can entry EU and be sold on markets. The information of cargos should besides provided to Commission monthly. Beans from NigeriaSimilar with the peanuts from China, there are many RASFF notifies about the imported beans from Nigeria ( RASFF Database, 2013 ) .

The chief wellness hazard of imported beans from Nigeria is pesticide residues. There are 15 notifies this twelvemonth and all of the merchandises rejections caused by unauthorised substance dichlorvos. Dichlorvos which besides known as 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate ( DDVP ) is a type of organophosphate and it is widely used for agribusiness in many states. The chief hazard of dichlorvos is its toxicity. Harmonizing to some researches, as a type of organophosphate pesticide, dichlorvos may has ability to increase the hazard of attention-deficit/hyperactivity upset ( ADHD ) for kids ( Megan, 2010 ) .

It has besides been shown to be a mutagenic ( Dean, 1972 ) . As dichlorvos has high wellness hazard for public, harmonizing to Regulation ( EC ) No 1376/2007, dichlorvos has been banned as works protection merchandise in EU. At the same times, EU has clear ordinance about the maximal degree of dichlorvos residues in nutrient. Harmonizing to Commission Directive 2006/92/EC, in this peculiar instance, as a merchandise under class of Fruits and Vegetables, the maximal degree of dichlorvos residues in beans should be 0. 01mg/kg. To command the wellness hazard of imported beans from Nigeria, harmonizing to Regulation ( EU ) No 618/2013 which is used to amend Regulation ( EC ) No 669/2009, beans from Nigeria should entry through designated points ( DPEs ) which should be noticed by a anterior presentment with the estimated arrive clip and there is larboard review at the first point of debut. Specifically, approximately 50 % of the cargos of beans from Nigeria should be sampled and analyzed. All the costs should paid by nutrient concern operators.

Merely compliant merchandises can entry EU and be sold on markets. The information of cargos should besides provided to Commission monthly. Paan Leaves from BangladeshPaan foliage is widely imported from Asiatic states to EU particularly to U. K.. But similar with other instances, there are many RASFF notifies about the imported paan leaves from Bangladesh ( RASFF Database, 2013 ) . The chief wellness hazard of imported paan leaves from Bangladesh is Salmonella spp.

Salmonella is a type of bacteriums which is an of import ground of bacterial nutrient toxic condition in the universe ( NHS, 2011 ) . Salmonella in natural or undercooked nutrient such as meat ( Berends, 1996 ) or egg ( Lievonen, 2004 ) may do mild symptoms or diarrhoea for healthy organic structure. But Salmonella may besides do serious consequences for immature, old or weak people as they do non hold thorough unsusceptibility ( FDA, 2007 ) . Regulation ( EC ) No 2073/2005 regulated the safety degree of Salmonella in different merchandises.

In this peculiar instance, as a type of merchandise under class of Fruits and Vegetables, there should be 5 samples and each of them contains 25g imported paan leaves. If salmonella shows negative in all of there 5 samples, it means that this merchandise is safe otherwise a positive sample means the merchandise contains Salmonella and is insecure. Although there is no peculiar ordinance to modulate the import of paan foliages from Bangladesh, harmonizing to Regulation ( EC ) No 178/2002 and Regulation ( EC ) No 669/2009, as a high hazard import merchandise, the merchandises should be imported from designated ports or airdromes which should be noticed by a anterior presentment with the estimated arrive clip and there should be a careful port review at the first point of debut.

All the costs should paid by nutrient concern operators. Merely compliant merchandises can entry EU and be sold on markets. The information of cargos should besides provided to Commission monthly. MentionsAguilar, F. , Hussain.

S. P. , Cerutti.

P. ( 1993 ) . Aflatoxin B1 induces the transversion of G> T in codon 249 of the p53 tumour suppresser cistron in human hepatocytes. Natl. Acad. 90, 8586–90. Berends, B.

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Toxicol. 30: 67-74Gueguen, Y. , Lestaevel, P. , Grandcolas, L. , Baudelin, C.

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ( 2004 ) . ToxFAQs™ for Cesium. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. atsdr.

cdc. gov/toxfaqs/tf. asp? id= 576 & A ; tid= 107Accessed at 10/10/2013FAO. ( 2011 ) . Codex Guideline Levels for Radionuclides in Food Contaminated Following a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.

fao. org/crisis/27242-0bfef658358a6ed53980a5eb5c80685ef. pdfAccessed at 10/10/2013FDA. ( 2007 ) . Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide – Salmonella. hypertext transfer protocol: //web. archive. org/web/20090302092542/http: //www.

cfsan. fda. gov/~dms/a2z-s. htmlAccessed at: 17/10/2013GOV. UK. ( 2013 ) . Importing and exporting nutrient.

hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gov. uk/food-safety-as-a-food-distributor/organic-produceAccessed at: 10/10/2013International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) .

( 2013 ) . List of cancerogen. hypertext transfer protocol: //monographs. iarc. fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsAlphaOrder. pdfAccessed at: 15/10/2013Kenneth, B. ( 2013 ) Periodic Table of Elements – Cesium – Cs.

EnvironmentalChemistry. com. hypertext transfer protocol: //environmentalchemistry. com/yogi/periodic/Cs.

htmlAccessed at: 14/10/2013Megan, B. ( 2010 ) . Organophosphate Pesticides Linked to ADHD. Medscape. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medscape.

com/viewarticle/721892Accessed at: 16/10/2013NHS. ( 2011 ) . Food Poisoning – causes. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.

nhs. uk/Conditions/Food-poisoning/Pages/Causes. aspxAccessed at: 17/10/2013RASFF Database. ( 2013 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //webgate. ec. europa. eu/rasff-window/portal/Accessed at 15/10/2013LegislationRegulation ( EC ) No 178/2002Regulation ( EC ) No 669/2009Regulation ( EC ) No 882/2004Regulation ( EU ) No 996/2012Regulation ( EU ) No 495/2013Regulation ( EC ) No 1152/2009Regulation ( EU ) No 274/2012Regulation ( EU ) No 91/2013Regulation ( EC ) No 1881/2006Regulation ( EU ) No 618/2013Commission Directive 2006/92/ECRegulation ( EC ) No 1376/2007Regulation ( EC ) No 2073/20051

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