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Glucose and diabetic studies essay

in vitro surveiesConsequence on 2- 3 H-deoxy-glucose consumptionFigure 90 shows the consequence of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots, on 2- 3 H-deoxy-glucose consumption in differentiated L6 myotubes. Aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots additions glucose uptake in a concentration dependent mode in L6 cells. P.

fulgens additions basal glucose consumption in L6 myotubes to a important degree at a concentration of 20 ? g/ml ( 1. 86-fold, p & A ; lt ; 0. 01 vs. control ) . Insulin entirely increases the 1. 65-fold ( p & A ; lt ; 0.

01 vs. control ) glucose uptake at 100nM. Whereas, in metformin 1. 78-fold ( p & A ; lt ; 0.

001 vs. control ) sweetening on glucose consumption was observed at 500 ? M concentration.

001. png%22″/> Figure 90: Consequence of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots on 2-deoxyglucose consumption in L6 myotubes. Cells were incubated for 16 H with different concentrations of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens .

After incubation myotubes were besides stimulated with 500 ? M concentration of Glucophage for 16 H, followed by the finding of 2-deoxy glucose consumption. Consequences are expressed as in fold alteration. Valuess are average ±S. E. of three independent experiments ; P values ** & A ; lt ; 0.

01, *** & A ; lt ; 0. 001Consequence of wortmannin on aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots stimulated glucose consumption in L6 cells: To clear up the mechanism of the sweetening of glucose consumption by P. fulgens , we examined whether aqueous fraction of P. fulgens -induced glucose consumption was reversed by wortmannin, which is a specific inhibitor for PI-3-kinase that blocks the insulin-signaling tract. Presence of wortmannin ( 100 nanometer ) wholly reversed the insulin-induced glucose consumption, to basal degree ( Figure 91 ) .

Treatment of cells with aqueous fraction of P. fulgens at 10 ? g/ml for 16 H, in presence of wortmannin, inhibited aqueous fraction of P. fulgens -induced glucose consumption. Aqueous fraction of P. fulgens mediated potentiation of insulin response to increase glucose consumption was besides wholly abolished to basal degree in presence of wortmannin ( Figure 91 ) . These consequences suggest that the signal transduction taking to glucose uptake by aqueous fraction of P.

Figure 91: Consequence of wortmannin on insulin and aqueous fraction of P.

fulgens roots induced glucose consumption in L6 myotubes. Cells were incubated in the absence ( Cont ) or the presence of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots at 20 ? g/ml conc.

for 16 H without or with wortmannin ( 100 nanometer ) . After incubation myotubes were left untreated ( white bars ) or stimulated with 100 nM insulin ( black bars ) for 20 min, followed by the finding of the glucose consumption. Consequences are expressed as fold stimulation over control basal. Consequence of aqueous fraction of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots on mRNA look of insulin signaling tract cistrons in L6 cells: The cistron look profile consequences showed that aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots could unregulated the look of IRS-1 ( Insulin receptor substrate-1 ) , PI3-kinase, AKT2 ( Protein Kinase-B ) and GLUT4 cistron ( Figure 92 ) while look of GSK -3? ( Glycogen synthase kinase-3? ) , and PTP1B ( Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1? ) remain unchanged.

These consequences suggest that aqueous fraction of P. fulgens stimulates insulin signaling tracts cistrons which may account for the antihyperglycemic consequence of this fraction. Figure 92: Consequence of aqueous fraction of P.

fulgens roots on the look of IRS-1, PI-3Kinase, AKT2, GLUT4, FASN, PTP1B, and GSK-3? cistrons in L6 myotubes. L6 myotubes were treated with 20 ? g/ml concentrations of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens for 16 H and so subjected to Real Time PCR analysis.

Experiments are performed in triplicate. Consequences shown are average ± SE of three independent experiments. * P & A ; lt ; 0. 05, ** P & A ; lt ; 0.

01, comparative to command. Consequence of aqueous infusion of P. fulgens rootson the phosphorylation of IR-? , IRS-1, AKT and ERK proteins in L6 cells: Glucose consumption can be mediated by the insulin signaling tract proteins, which can excite the translocation of glucose transporter 4 ( GLUT4 ) -containing cysts to the plasma membrane. Subsequently, GLUT4 transports glucose across the plasma membrane into cytol. To look into the mechanistic facets of the antidiabetic action of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots, look of cistrons of signaling proteins involved in insulin signalling tract were studied by western smudge analysis.

As shown in the Figure 93. The aqueous fraction of P. fulgens increases the proteins expression profile of p-IRS-1, PI3K, p-AKT, and GLUT-4 proteins. Bespeaking that aqueous fraction of P.

fulgens roots enhances the insulin signaling tract proteins and therefore enhances the glucose metamorphosis.

L6 myotubes were treated with 20 ? g/ml concentrations of P. fulgens for 16 H and so subjected to western smudge analysis. Experiments are performed in triplicates. Consequences shown are average ± SE of three independent experiments. Discussion: Diabetess is a metabolic upset which can be considered as a major cause of high economic loss which in bend can hinder the development of states.

Millions of people are enduring from diabetes worldwide. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to many chronic complications such as sightlessness, bosom failure, and nephritic failure. In order to forestall this dismaying wellness job, development of new hypoglycaemic and potentially antidiabetic agents is of great involvement. For this, therapies developed along the rules of western medical specialty ( allopathic ) frequently have limited efficaciousness, carry the hazard of inauspicious effects and are frequently excessively dearly-won, particularly for the underdeveloped universe. Therefore, handling DM with works based therapy which are accessible and do non necessitate arduous pharmaceutical synthesis seems extremely attractive.

The bulk of I Ns vivo and i Ns vitro experiments confirmed the potency of medicative workss in the direction of DM. Many new bioactive phytochemicals isolated from workss holding hypoglycaemic effects showed equal anti-diabetic activity and sometimes even more powerful than known unwritten hypoglycaemic agents. Keeping this position in consideration P. fulgens root fractions have been evaluated for antihyperglycemic consequence and investigated for their antidiabetic belongingss. The aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots besides showed betterment in organic structure weight, glycated hemoglobin, glucose tolerance and other biochemical parametric quantities of the streptozotocin–induced diabetic rats are summarized in Table 2. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia has been described as a utile experimental theoretical account to analyze the activity of hypoglycaemic agents ( Szkudelski, 2001 ) . Plasma glucose concentration in surplus of 200 mg/dl confirms the diabetic province of the rats ( Henry et al.

, 1974 ; Ellenberg and Rifkin, 1983, Nimenibo–Uadia, 2003 ) . The consequences of this survey clearly indicated that the aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots showed betterment in glucose tolerance consequence, enhance insulin secernment from ? cells of pancreas and besides hypolipidaemic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats at 100 mg/kg of multiple doses for 30 yearss. A important decrease ( P & A ; lt ; 0.

01 ) in the blood glucose degrees of all the treated groups was observed. Though the aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots was demonstrated to hold postprandial consequence blood glucose take downing consequence in long term intervention compared to simulate treated control. The aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots besides showed a important lessening in triglyceride ( TG ) , entire cholesterin and LDL cholesterin degrees while important addition in HDL-C degrees as compaired to simulate treated control. The liver releases alanine transaminase ( ALT ) and aspartate transaminase ( AST ) an lift in plasma concentrations are an index of liver harm ( Wasan et Al . , 2001 ; Crook, 2006 ) . There was a important lessening ( p & A ; lt ; 0.

05 ) in the serum AST and ALT degrees. The important alterations were observed in the serum carbamide, uric acid and creatinine degrees of the STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with the aqueous fraction as compared with Glucophage at dosage of 100 mg/kg. An addition in plasma creatinine degrees may be a mark of impaired nephritic map for the animate beings affected. The lift in the plasma creatinine concentration indirectly suggests kidney harm specifically the nephritic filtration mechanism ( Wasan et Al .

, 2001 ) . Aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots besides showed good consequence on lipid profile in high fructose high fat diet Federal and low dosed streptozotocin treated diabetic rats characterized by important decreased degrees of serum triglyceride, cholesterin and increase in HDL-C degrees.

At 8-10 hebdomads of age and thenceforth, rats neonatally treated with STZ manifest mild basal hyperglycaemia, an impaired response to the glucose tolerance trial ( Portha et Al . 1979 ) and a loss of ? cell sensitiveness to glucose ( Giroix et Al . 1983 ) . The neonatal STZ rats are considered to be better tools for the elucidation of the mechanisms associated with regeneration of the beta cells, the functional exhaustion of the beta cells and the outgrowth of defects in insulin action ( Bonner-Weir et al. , 1981, Portha et al. , 1994, Fernandez et al.

, 2004 ) . However, intervention with aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots enhaced the serum insulin degree most likely by regeneration of ?-cells of pancreas as compared to simulate treated control. Treatment of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots to neonatally STZ-induced diabetic rats, significantaly improved gucose tolerance and an addition of the serum insulin degree at 100 mg/kg of b. w. These consequences indicated that the aqueous fraction of P.

fulgens roots was effectual in betterment of glucose intolerance and insulin secernment of the neonatally-STZ-induced diabetic theoretical account. It is good established that fructose diet ingestion induces insulin opposition, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure in gnawers ( Le et al. , 2006, Tran et al. , 2009 ) .

Fructose feeding to hamsters significantly increased their serum insulin and triglycerides degrees. During metamorphosis, fructose bypasses the rate-limiting measure, the reaction catalysed by phosphofructokinase, taking to uncontrolled supply of C skeleton for lipogenesis in liver ( Rutledge et al. , 2007 ) . Many surveies have reported that the high-fat diet ( HFD ) feeding rats develop insulin opposition ( Zhao et al. , 2008, Tanaka et al. , 2007, Flanagan et al. , 2008 ) . The combination of fructose and fat diet eating besides caused increased organic structure weight the plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterin, hyperinsulinaemia, insulin opposition, impaired glucose tolerance, increased abdominal fat deposition, hepatic steatosis and redness ( Panchal et al.

, 2011, Wada et al. , 2010 ) . At the same clip, low-dose STZ has been known to bring on a mild damage of insulin secernment which is similar to the characteristic of the ulterior phase of type 2 diabetes ( Reed et al.

, 2000, Srinivasan et al. , 2005 ) . The high fructose high fat diet following low-dose STZ rat theoretical account closely mimics the natural history of the disease ( Sahin et al. , 2007 ) . The consequences of the present survey indicates that intervention with aqueous fraction of P.

fulgens roots for 28 yearss to high fructose high fat diet following low-dose STZ rat significantly lowered their serum insulin and improved their fasting blood glucose, glucose intolerance and lipid profiles and liver map and kidney map markers. The aqueous fraction has shown better antidyslipidemic activity as comparison to rosiglitazone at the doses of 100 and 10. 0 mg/kg, severally. Treatment with aqueous fraction of P.

fulgens roots and rosiglitazone to db/db mice besides showed marked glucose heavy activity and insulin reversal activity without demoing important lowering in organic structure weight. Although phytochemical probe indicated that the root parts of P. fulgens contains fresh bioflavonoid potifulgene ( Epiafzelchin-6-o-8 ” epiafzelchin ) along with epicatechin ( Jaitak et al. , 2010 a ) . Flavonoids are well-known for their widespread biological activities including anti-diabetic activity ( Jung et al. , 2006, Brahmachari et al.

, 2009 ) . Flavonoids suppress the glucose degree, cut down plasma cholesterin and triglycerides and increase hepatic glucokinase activity likely by heightening the insulin release from pancreatic islets ( Bhushan et al. , 2010 ) . Therefore, it can be concluded that antidiabetic consequence of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots are presumed to be the individual or interactive effects of phytochemicals like -epicatechin, potifulgene nowadays in it. The present survey besides reveals the glucose transporting potency of aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots and exhibited the molecular mechanism involved in interceding glucose metamorphosis through insulin.

Glucose conveyance is the rate-limiting measure in glucose ingestion, particularly in insulin targeted skeletal musculus, mediated by major glucose transporter ( Glut ) proteins, Glut-4 ( Ziel et Al . , 1988 ) . L6 musculus cell lines a suited in vitro theoretical account ( Koivisto et Al . , 1991 ) used to analyze the glucose conveyance activity since skeletal musculuss is the major site for primary glucose disposal and glucose use ( Ciaraldi et Al . , 1995 ; Yonemitsu et Al . , 2001 ) .

Aqueous fraction of P. fulgens roots strongly stimulates the basal glucose consumption in L6 cells in concentration dependent mode. In insulin signaling tract, insulin regulates glucose conveyance by triping insulin receptor substrate-1 ( IRS-1 ) and PI3K which activates AKT and the downstream proteins, such as GLUT4, a cardinal function of the rate-limiting measure in glucose metamorphosis. Insulin signalling is a cascade of events initiated when insulin binds to its surface receptor and it so car phosphorylate, taking to trip tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS. The binding of the regulative fractional monetary unit of ( PI3K ) to IRSs activates PI3K and AKT, which are besides called protein kinase B ( PKB ) . The activation of this procedure is necessary for insulin to modulate glucose transporter 4 ( GLUT4 ) protein translocation from the cytosol to the membrane for glucose transit in skeletal musculus. The present survey indicates that aqueous fraction of P.

fulgens roots showed important betterment in the look of IRS-1, Glut-4 and PI-3K which were associated with betterments in glucose conveyance and insulin signalling tract. The up-regulated protein look of IRS-1, PI-3K and GLUT-4 in skeletal musculus, by aqueous fraction suggested that this might exercise its insulin sensitising map by heightening signal transduction of insulin tract.

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