Editorial: biotechnological potential of plant-microbe interactions in environmental decontamination

Editorial on the Research Topic
Biotechnological Potential of Plant-Microbe Interactions in Environmental Decontaminaion

Soil contamination with heavy metals and organic contaminants has become a major global environmental problem. Phytoremediation, use of plants to immobilize, extract metals or degrade organic pollutants, provides a cost-effective eco-benign alternative to traditional methods. In most cases, plants act indirectly by stimulating beneficial rhizosphere and endophytic microbes, which could facilitate/accelerate phytoremediation process by improving plant growth, altering soil metal bioavailability or facilitating the degradation of organic pollutants (known as bioaugmentation). Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) [e. g., plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), rhizobia, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)] exhibiting plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits [e. g., synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, siderophores, surfactants, nitrogen (N) fixation, solubilization of phosphate (P) and potassium (K)] can enhance plant biomass production. Furthermore, AMF can contribute considerably to the short-term underground carbon (C) sequestration by retaining photosynthate C transferred by their host plant and/or stabilizing soil aggregate in the phytoremediation systems. In the case of organic pollutants, the application of pollutant-degrading bacteria and fungi can improve phytoremediation due to their ability to partially degrade organic pollutants or metabolize pollutant degradation products to CO ₂ and water. Regarding heavy metal decontamination, the release of organic acids and acidification of rhizosphere soils by metal-mobilizing microbes may facilitate phytoextraction, whereas the release of root exudates (such as sugars, amino acids, and enzymes) and precipitation of metal-immobilizing bacteria are beneficial to phytostabilization. However, the knowledge on the understanding of soil microbial communities and their functions, plant performance and metabolism, as well as environmental conditions that promote predictable activities of both plants and microbes in polluted soils is far from complete. Therefore, this research topic was launched to advance our knowledge of integrated response of plant-microbe-soil interactions and underlying mechanisms, and review recent progress on how the estimable environmental microbial biotechnologies can be used to boost plant growth and metabolism, appropriate microbial community assembly, and eventually improve phytoremediation efficiency, therefore contributing to translate basic knowledge into sustainable applications.

Plant-microbe interactions play a critical role in plant adaption to metalliferous environments, stimulation of plant growth, and thus can be explored to accelerate microbe-aided phytoremediation. Ma et al. (2016a) extensively reviewed the recent advances to understand the biochemical (e. g., chemotaxis, colonization, beneficial functioning) and molecular mechanisms (e. g., signal and volatiles, quorum sensing, chemical signal) of plant-microbe interactions and their potential in the phytoremediation process, which may contribute significantly to the practical application of phytoremediation techniques.

Although the impacts of PGPB on plant growth have been well investigated, limited information is available whether the application of PGPB promotes soil nutrient (e. g., N, P, and K) availability and the growth of fruit crops. A pot experiment containing four treatments was conducted by Shen et al. to evaluate the impacts of the complex PGPB inoculation on soil microflora, Actinidia chinensis growth, soil N fixation, and solubility of P and K. The results indicated an improvement of soil nutrient (N, P, and K) bioavailability, plant biomass, and N, P, and K uptake through the complex inoculant, suggesting this complex bacterial inoculant might be utilized as a biofertilizer for increasing soil fertility and thereafter plant growth.

Among PGPB, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the essential component of phytoremediation technologies ( Ma et al., 2011 ). To understand the roles of PGPR in microbe-aided phytoremediation, Fang et al. screened Cu/Zn-resistant PGPR isolates and assessed their bioremediation potential (plant growth enhancement and metal solubilization/tolerance/biosorption). Of those 10 Cu/Zn-resistant ACC-utilizing rhizobacterial isolates with superior PGP traits (e. g., P solubilization, production of IAA and siderophores), Acinetobacter sp. FQ-44 was chosen as the most profitable strain due to its abilities to 1) promote Brassica napus seedling growth under gnotobiotic conditions; 2) tolerate high concentrations of Cu and Zn; 3) mobilize the greatest amounts of water-soluble Cu, Zn, Pb, and Fe; and 4) adsorb the greatest amounts of Cu and Zn. The findings imply that Acinetobacter sp. FQ-44 might be exploited for microbe-aided phytoextraction. This study provided a viable method for screening metal-resistant PGPR that can be used to facilitate/accelerate phytoremediation of multi-metal contaminated soils.

In addition to plant growth promotion (e. g., production of ammonia, ACC deaminase, IAA and hydrogen cyanide) and metal uptake potential, Płociniczak et al. also studied the ability of PGPR Brevibacterium casei MH8a to colonize plant tissues using an antibiotic (e. g., rifampicin) as a biomarker. Furthermore, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to evaluate the ecological impacts of bioaugmentation on indigenous bacterial communities. The results demonstrated that the introduction of MH8a into soil resulted in its colonization of roots and leaves, enhanced Salix alba biomass and metal (Cd, Zn, and Cu) accumulation in roots, and temporary change in the structure of the autochthonous bacterial communities. The findings imply its long-term survival in soil, endophytic and PGP features, bioremediation potential, as well as its temporary impact on indigenous microbes.

Plants are often confronted simultaneously with both biotic and abiotic stresses, resulting in a reduction in plant growth and yield ( Ma et al., 2016a ). It is crucial to understand the impact of PGPR on multiple-stress amelioration and plant performance. Laksmanan et al. reported that plants subjected to arsenic (As) regime increased their susceptibility to infections of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae ; however, inoculation of PGPR Pantoea sp. EA106 reduced blast infections and As uptake by rice. This is attributed to the up-regulation of defense-related genes mediated by Pantoea sp. EA106. The findings show the first evidence of how rice copes with mixed stress (As and blast infection) regimes.

Apart from the use of PGPR possessing biocontrol properties, developing resistant varieties via inserting resistance genes with marker-based breeding is an alternative to reduce and eliminate blast infections. Jain et al. used the resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) of Pusa Basmati-1(PB1) to investigate blast resistance gene Pi9 -mediated resistance response. Moreover, they performed transcriptome profiling to unravel Pi9 -mediated resistance mechanisms.

Besides PGPR, endophytic bacteria that colonize healthy plant tissues without causing symptoms have been receiving attention lately for their capacity to promote plant growth and thus phytoremediation. IAA produced by endophytic bacteria is known to play a crucial role in the interactions between plant hosts and their endomicrobes. Chen et al. evaluated the impacts of the bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas fluorescens Sasm05 and exogenous IAA on plant physiochemical traits, cadmium (Cd) uptake and the expression of metal transporter genes in Sedum alfredii Hance grown in a hydroponic media contaminated with Cd. The results demonstrated that both exogenous IAA and Sasm05 inoculation improved plant growth and photosynthesis; however, Sasm05 had a greater influence on uptake and translocation of Cd, suggesting that under Cd stress Sasm05 may produce IAA to stimulate plant growth and regulate the expression of Cd uptake and transport genes to improve plant Cd uptake.

The application of plant-endophyte symbiotic systems can also be a prospective approach to boost phytoremediation efficiency. Ma et al. (2016b) isolated, characterized and identified a multi-metal resistant and plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterium (PGPE) Achromobacter piechaudii E6S and evaluated its role in plant growth, metal uptake and translocation in Sedum plumbizincicola . Strain E6S was found to resist high concentrations of various metals (Cd, Zn, and Pb) and exhibit PGP traits (e. g., IAA production and P solubilization), increase soil metal (Cd, Zn, and Pb) bioavailability, and also bind considerable amounts of metal ions (Zn > Cd > Pb) on its cells. In the pot experiments, E6S inoculation enhanced plant biomass and accumulation of Cd, Zn, and Pb, but reduced translocation factor of Cd and Zn. The results indicate that A. piechaudii E6S can promote metal rhizoaccumulation and thus phytostabilization efficiency.

Similarly, Visioli et al. assessed the impacts of five specific nickel (Ni) resistant PGPE strains (individual and co-inoculation) on phytoextraction potential of Ni-hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens . The results demonstrated that individual bacterial inoculation was not effective in increasing the growth and Ni translocation in N. caerulescens , except for Arthrobacter sp. Ncr-1 and Microbacterium sp. Ncr-8. Co-inoculation of Ncr-1 and Ncr-8 with N. caerulescens resulted in dense colonization of roots and leaf epidermal tissues and was more effective in the plant growth promotion, Ni removal from soil and translocation within the plant, together with that of Fe, Co, and Cu. The findings suggest that tolerance/adaptation of N. caerulescens to highly Ni-polluted serpentine soils can be improved by an integrated PGPE community.

Ma, Y., Prasad, M. N. V., Rajkumar, M., Freitas, H. (2011). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils. Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 248–258. doi: 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2010. 12. 001

Ma, Y., Oliveira, R. S., Freitas, H., Zhang, C. (2016a). Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe-metal interactions: relevance for phytoremediation. Front. Plant Sci . 7, 918. doi: 10. 3389/fpls. 2016. 00918

Ma, Y., Rajkumar, M., Zhang, C., Freitas, H. (2016b). Beneficial role of bacterial endophytes in heavy metal phytoremediation. J. Environ. Manage. 174, 14–25. doi: 10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2016. 02. 047