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Essay, 12 pages (3000 words)

Developmental psych final. psychosocial development, adolescent egocentrism, late adulthood

theorist who coined the term adolescent egocentrismElkindRon thinks he is more unique and admired than other adolescents his age, and is certain that everyone is paying attention to his every action. It appears that he has started to experience adolescentegocentrismMany adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of theirpersonal fablePiaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescenceformal operational thoughtOne of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability tothink in terms of possibilitiesThe mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered has already been invested in some endeavor, more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal is calledsunk cost fallacyRichie just spent $1, 000 fixing his car even though the mechanic told him the car will continue to need expensive repairs that may total more than the vehicle is worth. Richie is likely experiencing thesunk cost fallacyThe notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli, is calleddual-process modelAlbert et al. (2013) ran a series of experiments in which adults and adolescents, alone or with peers, played a video game. In the game, taking risks could lead to crashes or gaining points. The experiments found that ____, unlike the ____, were much more likely to take risks and crash when they were____. adolescents, adults, with peersMany developmentalists find middle schools to be “ developmentally regressive,” which meansleraning goes backwardsThe common middle-school schedule that involves students changing rooms, teachers, and classmates every 40 minutescreates a developmental mismatch between students’ needs and the school context. During puberty, adolescents’ thoughts center on_____. themselvesthinking intensely about themselves and about what others think about them is calledegocentrismThe belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to asinvincibility fableThe power of the invincibility fable may be observed inyoung military recruits who hope to be sent into combatJeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probablyput weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scaleReasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defineshypothetical thoughtJustine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, “ Why can’t I have wine with dinner? You do,” or “ I don’t understand why I’ll be able to vote when I’m 18, but I have to wait until I’m 21 to buy alcohol!” This demonstrates Justine’sinductive reasoningAll Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example ofdeductive reasoning_____ is a term that refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions? inductive reasoningPsychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for anunderstanding of oneselfPsychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question“ Who am I?” According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage ofidentity versus role confusionMary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosingto embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning othersIdentity diffusion is typically characterized byno focus or concern about the futureWhich adolescent appears to be experiencing identity diffusion? Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV and hanging out with friends. When a person adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identityforeclosureAn example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure isworking in the family business because it is expectedThe term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known asmoratoriumDuring an identity moratorium, adolescents typicallytake on a temporary role and postpone identity- achievement decisions. According to Erikson, what is one of the four aspects of identity? political_____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they’ve grown upFewIn the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are inearly adolescenceSome parent-child bickering during the adolescent years may indicatea healthy familyWhich type of parenting is most effective during adolescence? AuthoritiveIsaac and Derek persuaded Robert to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Isaac and Derek provided _______ to Robert. Deviancy trainingAt age 17, Gage aspired to become a serious musician. His group of friends began to change as he grew closer to students with deep musical interests, and he drifted away from other friends who were more engaged in sports. This illustrates peerselectionAbstinence-only sex-education programs that were federal policy in the United States until 2009 _________ the adolescents’ engagement in sexual activity. had no impact onIn general, as children experience puberty, their self-esteemdeclinesThe cultural norm of familism oftenrequires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole. When compared with earlier thinking, thinking in adulthood is all of the following EXCEPTmore concreteA possible fifth stage of cognitive development that characterizes adult thinking ispostformal thinkingOn his own time, Ron looked over his course syllabi for the term and realized that, in three weeks, he had three assignments due on one day. Ron decided he would do one assignment per week for the next three weeks so that he would have them all done by their due dates. Ron is demonstrating __________ thinkingpostformalAs more is understood about brain development after adolescence, it seems that the characteristics of postformal thought are evident as the brain and, in particular, as the _______ matures. prefrontal cortexA common logical error of emerging adults is delay discounting, the tendency toundervalue events in the future. A research study of people aged 13 to 45 found that logical skills improved from _________ to _________ then stayed steady, but social understanding continued to advance. adolescence; early adulthoodIn one U. S. study, researchers asked adolescents and adults to describe themselves. Without knowing the participants’ ages, coders classified the descriptions as: protective (high in self-involvement, low in self-doubt), dysregulated (fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems), complex (valuing openness and independence above all), and integrated (able to regulate emotions and logic). No one under age 20 was in the ______ stagecomplexThought that arises from personal experiences and perceptions issubjectiveTraditional models of formal operational thinking value ______ thought and devalue _____ thought. objective; subjectiveAll of the following beliefs reflect cognitive flexibility EXCEPTlife plans are staticAlthough Dr. Johnson believes that women and men can perform equally well on a math test, Dr. Johnson is exploring if women perform worse on a math test when they are asked to indicate their gender prior to taking the text. Dr. Johnson is exploring the concept ofstereotype threatA proposition or statement of belief is athesisDr. Barnes tells his student Charlotte that she should pursue a career that will make her happy. She responds, “ Not all careers that will make me happy will provide me with enough income to live.” Charlotte’s response was aantithesisHerman and Todd, two friends, are discussing logos on T-shirts. Herman says that everyone should be able to wear whatever logos they want on their T-shirts. Todd suggests that some logos may be offensive and thus shouldn’t be worn. If Herman is able to integrate those two ideas, he will have created asynthesisin dialectical thought, a ___ implies a ____ and the integration of these occurs within the _____. thesis; antithesis; synthesisGeraldine is a medical intern who believes that all people deserve access to medical care, but she also knows that throughout her career she will have to make decisions about which patients will receive a scarce, life-saving medication. Reconciling these two thoughts requiresdialectical thinkingWhich college student is most likely to experience shifts in moral reasoning? Jed, who s taking a philosophy courseDuring emerging adulthood, religious service attendance becomes _____ frequent and the development of religious convictions become ____ frequentless; moreWhich factor is likely to be most influential with respect to Greta’s views on divorce? Her cultureResearch indicates that the process of moral thinkingimproves with ageErikson’s fifth stage of development isidentity versus role confusion. Personality traits present at age 18never disappear at age 18During emerging adulthood, self-esteem and happiness ______ for most peopleincreaseWhich statement about personality in emerging adulthood is TRUEPersonality can change after adolescenceWith respect to personality, emerging adults typically become _____ self-centered and _____ caring toward others. less; moreAccording to Erikson, once an emerging adult has established a sense of identity, he or she needs to resolve which crisis? intimacy versus isolationAccording to Erikson, the stage of intimacy versus isolationreflects the desire to share one’s life with someone else. Intimacy is the desire forsocial connectionFriends _____ mental health and _____ physical health. strengthen; strengthenFriendships reach their peak of functional significance duringemerging adulthoodDr. Anderson is studying the frequency of cross-sex friendships. Dr. Anderson has found that cross-sex friendships arecommonWhen heterosexual couples are romantically committed to each other they tend to have ______ cross-sex friendships. fewerIn a class analysis, Robert Sternberg (1988) described three distinct aspects of love that give rise to seven different forms of love. The aspects include all of the following EXCEPTchallangeAn intense physical, cognitive, and emotional experience characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria is associated withpassionKnowing someone well, and sharing secrets as well as physical attention in a reciprocal nature, is consistent with which aspect of love? intimacyDixie just started dating BJ. Dixie feels happy and excited when she thinks about BJ, and knows BJ feels the same about her. That said, she is not sure where the relationship will lead, as they both continue to live independent lives. According to Sternberg, what form of love does Dixie appear to be experiencing? infatuationThe Western ideal is ____ love. consummateAn arrangement in which a couple lives together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married is referred to ascohabituationResearch has found that cohabitation prior to marriageincreases the likelihood of divorceWhich age group is most likely to be victims and perpetrators of domestic abuse? emerging adultsThe term g refers to _____ intelligencegeneralDr. Fine was interested in assessing the “ g,” or general intelligence, of college students so he assessed abilities in all of the following areas EXCEPTagilityA problem with cross-sectional research is thatthere could be cohort effects as each has unique life experiencesThe Flynn effect refers torise in average IQ over generationsThe Flynn effect is MOST likely due to changes inelectronic mediaDr. Green is studying intellectual development in adulthood. In order to generate the most accurate view of intellectual development, Dr. Green should use a ________ research design. cross-sequentialThe research design that involves testing groups of subjects of different ages multiple times and comparing their scores with their own scores in previous periods in addition to the scores of new groups of adults of the same ages is calledcross-sequential researchSchaie’s cross-sequential research on intellectual development demonstrated thatindividuals improve in most mental abilities during adulthoodThe basic intelligence that makes learning quick and thorough is referred to as _______ intelligencefluidWhich is the best example of fluid intelligence? The ability to quickly recognize relationships between wordsIntelligence that reflects accumulated learning is referred to ascrystallized intellgenceWhich example relies MOST heavily on crystallized intelligence? knowing the chemical symbols for various elementsPaula is a middle-aged doctor who is an expert at laser eye surgery for the correction of myopia (nearsightedness). She graduated from medical school 35 years ago. Daryl is a young doctor who also does the surgery; he graduated from medical school 5 years ago. According to the textbook, who would likely be the better choice for operating on your eyes? Paula; she has done the operation so often that she is more strategic and flexibleWhich statement about age and expertise is TRUE? Expertise can overcome some of the detrimental effects of age but not all. The benefits of ______ intelligence in adult life are obvious, as adults need to solve real-world challenges. analyticOver the long run, ______ intelligence is prized whenever life circumstances change or new challenges arise. crystallizedWith which coping style do people try to attack a stressor in some way? Problem-focusedIn which coping style do people try to change their attitude about a stressor? emotion-focusedBaltes and Baltes found that adults use their intellectual strengths to offset their age-related declining abilities through the process ofselective optimization with compensationWhich is the BEST example of an adult using selective optimization with compensation? Giovanni, who always buys and drives a standard transmission vehicle so he wont forget how to do soThe theorist who proposed the idea that individuals continue to develop into adulthoodEriksonAlthough Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development are sequential, the search for identity that begins in the stage of identity versus role confusionends with the stage of intimacy versus isolationHow many stages of development did Abraham Maslow describe? 5Which is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits? selflessnessDavetta is very organized and self-disciplined. She conforms easily to standards set for her performance at work. She is high on which of the Big Five traits? conscientiousnessPeople choose a particular lifestyle and social context, or ________ , because it is compatible with their personality traits. ecological nicheWhich of the following has not been associated with adult personality? GeographyAn acquaintance who is not a friend but still has an impact on an adult’s life is called a(n)consequential strangerHow has the Internet impacted friendships and relationships with consequential strangers? It has strengthened friendships and increased the number of consequential strangers. A study of 7, 578 adults in seven nations found that physical separation between parents and adult childrenstrengthen the relationships between parents and adult childrenAfter nearly 20 years with his company, Mike’s job was outscored. He wants his new job to offer not only a good wage but also job satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. He is focused on the ______ of work. intrinsic rewardsAfter a recent divorce, Cheryl is entering the workforce after many years off. As a single parent with three children, she needs a livable wage, good benefits, and a retirement plan. She is focused on the _______ of workextrinsic rewardsIndividuals who are accepted into a family that is not their legal or biological family are calledfictive kinA long-term committed partnership correlates with health and happiness throughout adulthood and late adulthood. For most people, then, ________ is the crucial aspect of love in a partnership. commitmentAfter children have grown, MOST couples find thattheir relationships improveOne of the MOST influential factors in divorce iswhether it is a first or subsequent marriage. According to Erikson, when individuals are productive in an unselfish and caring way, they are demonstratinggenerativityThe primary form that generativity takes is _____establishing and guiding the next generationEmily is her family’s kinkeeper. This means that she assumes responsibility forgathering the family for holidays and disseminating infoAccording to research, which statement about the “ sandwich generation” is TRUE? Many adults do not feel burdened by their responsibilitiesAs he ages, a professional musician begins to limit his repertoire, to practice more before concerts, and to change the way he sits when he plays. He isusing selective optimization with compensation_______ theories claim that social forces limit individual choice and direct life, especially in late adulthoodStratificationThe theory that is contrary to disengagement theory is _____ theoryActivityWhich of the following is NOT characteristic of typical elder volunteers? married to a volunteerMarietta babysits two days a week for her school-age grandchildren, and regularly gives her neighbor, who can no longer drive, a ride to the grocery store and doctor appointments. She also frequently sends small amounts of money to her daughter, who has just returned to college. Which of the following statements about Marietta’s activities is NOT true? Marietta would be better off volunteering with an organization, as to really help others, she needs more structure to her activitiesGenerally, where do the elderly prefer to live? In their own homesClaire and Dennis have lived in the same house for over 40 years. They reared their children there and were actively involved in the neighborhood. As they age, their children want them to move to a nearby small apartment. Like many other older adults, Claire and Dennisprefer to age in placeWhen many adults who moved into a neighborhood decades earlier never leave the area, the result isa naturally occurring retirement community (NORC)Religious faith is associated with improved psychological health in old age because ofbeliefs that give meaning for life and deathIn what way are older Americans the LEAST politically active? volunteering on political campaignsWhich of the following happens to the brain during senescence? neurotransmitter production decreasesHow does high-SES correlate with brain senescence? High-SEShave better medical careWhich of the following is most affected by brain shrinkage? multitaskingThe ability to hold info in memory for a moment before evaluating, calculating, and inferring its significance is known asworking memoryEdna, age 71, has excellent pronunciation but poor spelling. She frequently forgets the word or phrase she is trying to use, telling others that it is “ on the tip of her tongue.” These characteristics may be the result ofinadequate control processNelma is a healthy 70-year-old who would like to learn to play video games with her grandson. According to research on learning late in life, which of the following is most likely TRUE? Nelma could learn to play games if she starts at the easiest level and practices regularyA study of extraordinary creative people found that in their 70s-90s, theyremained as focused, efficient, and committed as they had been earlier. Dorothy started keeping a detailed journal that includes stories of her childhood and early adulthood. She plans to pass her journal down to her grandchildren as a family history and so that they can know her in a more intimate way. Her journal writing is a form oflife reviewA challenge faced by researchers who want to see if wisdom increases with age isthe definition of wisdom varies by culture. The ability to recall a string of digits backward tends to _____ with age, while memory for vocabulary tends to ____ with age.`decrease; sameOne function of working memory istemporary storage of info for conscious useThe idea that cognition should be measured in terms of everyday tasks and circumstances isecological validityStorage mechanisms, retrieval strategies, selective attention, and problem solving are all consideredcontrol processFor the average individual in late adulthood, traditional tests of intelligence demonstrate thatcognitive abilities declineDementia isthe pathological loss of brain functioningAccording to the most recent DSM (DSM-5), the appropriate term for the pathological loss of brain functioning isdementiaAutopsies show that the brains of Alzheimer victimshave a proliferation of plaques and tangles. Vascular dementia is caused byinsufficient supply of blood to the brainOne infectious disease that can produce dementia isAIDS______ is a common condition because many elderly people take many different prescription drugs. PolypharmacySelf theories emphasizeperceptions of selfErikson called the final crisis of developmentintegrity versus despairAccording to Erikson, each new experience throughout life requiresboth assimilation and accommodation. Which of the following responses to weakening leg muscles in an older person is the best response in terms of maintaining self-efficacy? using a walker and minimizing movement decreases risks. Which of the following is a sign of a humane setting for long-term care? individual choice in activitiesAssisted living can be thought of as a combo ofnursing home and independent livingCompared to single older adults, elderly spouses tend to behappier and wealthierMost studies of marriages of long duration find that compared to younger adults, the elderly arehappier in their marriagesThe style of grandparenting that is the most common in the US is the ________ stylecompanionateThe difference between ADLs and IADLs is thatIADLs require some intellectual competnece

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