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Essay, 24 pages (6000 words)

Criminology test 2

t/f: Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality which he labels the ” lures of crime.” falseFred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.

What is the term used to describe Fred if he were to move to a different community to commit his burglaries?

increased police patrols in the neighborhood ONCRIMINOLOGY TEST 2 SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowWhich of the following circumstances would prompt an offender to decide to forgo crime? The offender would stand a good chance of being caught and punished. Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery.

The judge explained to Trevor at his sentencing hearing ten years ago that if he is arrested and convicted of another crime after he serves his ten years, he is likely to get a lifetime prison sentence under strict sentencing guidelines. Trevor remembers the words of the judge when he is released from prison. If the judge’s words are what have convinced Trevor to remain crime free, what crime control policy has successfully kept Trevor law abiding?

general deterrencet/f: If the punishment for a crime is increased and the effectiveness and efficiency of the criminal justice system are improved, then the number of people engaging in that crime should decline. trueThat thieves select German cars indicates that auto theft is rational becauseGerman cars usually have high-quality audio equipment. t/f: Auto thieves are not selective in their choice of target since all cars can be stripped for their valuable parts. falsePeople who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. What element of deterrence does this reflect? certainty of punishmentt/f: The fact that a crime is offense-specific means that criminals must decide if they have the personal needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit a successful criminal act. falset/f: The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act. trueFred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.

In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they would need to improve the effectiveness of crime _________________, which are people who serve as guardians of property or people who can help control would-be criminals.

discouragersAccording to Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker, criminals engage in a(n) __________ of crime. cost-benefit analysist/f: According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, but so does the perception of punishment. truet/f: Criminals structure crime. For instance, crack cocaine street dealers prefer the middle of a long block as the best location for dealing. truet/f: Rational choice theory has roots in the positivist school of criminology. falseWhat occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets. displacementt/f: Less than 1/3 of all convicted felons are rearrested within three years of their release from prison. falseTrevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery.

In total, Trevor has spent over twenty years of his life incarcerated, between juvenile and adult institutions. His family cannot understand why he continues to commit crime. They are concerned that he will not be able to remain law-abiding. What does the research say about the effect of incarceration and an offender’s likeliness to repeat criminal behavior?

Most offenders are rearrested within three years of their release from prison. What happens when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions? extinctiont/f: Diffusion of benefits occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another. trueFred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.

All of the following would be considered offense-specific to burglary that Fred might consider EXCEPT:

Fred’s immediate need for moneyt/f Specific deterrence is also called particular deterrence. trueTrevor spent his ten year sentence in a maximum security prison. There he witnessed assaults and even murders. Often times, he was in fear for his life. Reflecting back on the past ten years and what he was exposed to, Trevor is determined never to commit another crime to end up in prison again. What crime control policy is in effect here? general deterrencet/f Robbers generally choose targets close to their homes or in areas to which they routinely travel. trueAt the end of the 19th century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as _____ criminologists focused their attentions on internal and external factors – such as poverty, IQ, and education – rather than personal choice and decision making. positivistTrevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery.

According to the ______________ effect, while in prison for ten years, Trevor was prevented from committing further offenses.

incapacitationMarcus Felson argues that the risk of crime may be increased by improving the effectiveness of ____ . crime discouragersThe ” high” or the excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations is referred to asedgeworkt/f Evidence shows that three strike laws are effective crime control policies. falseWhat happens when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another? diffusionWhat is known about police and certainty of punishment? The manner in which police approach their tasks may have more deterrence power than simply adding more police. t/f The major premise of incapacitation is that known criminals must be kept in prison and this will reduce crime rates. trueWhat happens when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice? replacementIf more criminals are sent to prison, the crime rate should go down. This is referred to asthe incapacitation effecAwareness space” indicates that which crime is rational? robberyt/f Referring to personality and criminal choices, Siegel states criminals are more impulsive and have less-self control than other people. trueThe rationale for using ” three strikes” sentencing policies relies ongeneral deterrence and incapacitationt/f Situational crime prevention suggests that crime prevention can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes. trueFred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.

According to the research on burglaries, in general, when do burglars prefer to commit their crime?

9am to 11amt/f Edgework is the excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. trueTrevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery.

About one month after his release, Trevor is frustrated that he has been unable to find a job. He is living on his sister’s couch and is tired of hearing her complain about him eating all the food in the house. He feels he has no other option but to get money quickly. He develops a plan to rob the local convenience store late one night. As he walks towards the convenience store, he notices that there are a lot of police officers doing a DUI checkpoint about a half a mile down the road. He decides that it would not be wise to attempt to commit this robbery. What effect has occurred here?

diffusiont/f Locking gates, and putting unbreakable glass on storefronts are examples of crime discouragers. falseWhich aspect of deterrence theory do theorists believe to have the greatest effect on deterring crime? certainty of punishmentEconomist Steven Levitt concludes that each person put behind prison bars results in a decrease of ___ serious crimes per year. 15Which of the following is a reason why some critics say it is premature to embrace three strikes policies? Most three-time losers are on the verge of aging out of crime anyway. The concept of general deterrence holds thatthe decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment. t/f There is little evidence that incapacitating criminals will deter them from future criminality. trueSpecific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Which statement about harsh (powerful) sanctions and deterrence is not true? Harsh sanctions work as an effective deterrence to recidivism. The concept of situational crime prevention suggests that desperate people may contemplate crime, but only the truly ____ will attack a well-defended, inaccessible target and risk strict punishment. irrationalCrime is ________ because criminals will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act. offense-specificAt the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence.

The boys end up being adopted by different families. Tom, the brother who lives in the large city is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tests were done and it was discovered that the level of ______________ in his blood was twice the levels found in the general population. The doctors are convinced this is the cause of his disorder.

mercury________ is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes – how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them. cognitive theoryBiosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, known as __________, do in fact produce aggressive behavior. androgenst/f Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior. trueSocial learning theory holds thatpeople learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. t/f The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact. falset/f According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime. falseIn adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child’s criminal behavior? a criminal biological fatherWhich perspective bests supports the fact that human history has been marked by war, violence and aggression? evolutionaryThe major premise of the biochemical theory is that: crime is a function of diet and food allergies. t/f Behaviorists view aggression as an inherited behavior. falseThe major premise of the neurological theory is that: criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment. Socio-biologists view all EXCEPT which one of the following factors as being mutually interdependent? ecologyWhich of the following is NOT one of the three principle sources of behavior modeling? genetic predispositionst/f Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behaviors of child abusers. trueAt the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence.

After twenty years the boys are contacted by a researcher who is conducting a study on twins separated at birth and adopted by different families. John finds it difficult to sustain relationships because he was not provided the support and care that he needed by his adopted mother as an infant? Which theory would best explain John’s predicament?

attachment theoryMichael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael’s acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol.

Michael was consistently uncooperative with his parents. He was hostile to all authority figures including teachers and police officers. He would frequently lose his temper and blame everyone else for his misbehavior. What mental disorder was most likely the appropriate diagnosis for Michael?

oppositional disorderSigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed ________ psychology that has remained a prominent segment of psychological theory ever since. pschyodynamicAccording to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between _________ and elevated levels of female aggression. menstruationt/f The male hormone testosterone is linked to criminality. truet/f According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns. trueMichael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael’s acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol.

If Michael were to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder what would be a likely symptom?

alternating moodst/f Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality. falset/f According to Freud’s version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and the egofalset/f The ” Twinkie defense” brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior. trueThe major premise of the genetic theory is that: criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children. t/f An overwhelming majority of females who experience anxiety and hostility before and during menstruation engage in violent criminal behavior. falseMichael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael’s acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol.

Michael’s family checks Michael into a three month residential treatment center that treats individuals with mental health issues and drug addiction. The treatment Michael receives is considered a ______________________.

primary prevention programEvidence exists that indicates abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds called __________ are associated with violent behavior. neurotransmittersWhich of the following is NOT considered to contribute to a healthy diet and, thus, good mental health and well-adjusted behavior patterns? heavy metals such as lead and mercuryt/f Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long process of human evolutions. trueThe research on biochemical theories focuses on twin and sibling behavior. false__________ is the branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology. Social learning theoryThe major premise of the evolutionary theory is that: as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make aggressive and predisposed to commit crime. Many ADHD children also suffer from ____and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in childhood. conduct disordert/f There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels. truet/f Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of the male sex hormones or androgens produce aggressive behavior. truet/f Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently. trueBiological explanations of crime reemerged in the early _______ with the publication of Sociobiology by Edmond O. Wilson. 1970sAt the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence.

Which biosocial theory would promote that research be done to see if the boys will be delinquent like their father?

geneticBrain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest which of the following statements is true? Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the __________ develops as a result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others. superegoWhat research finding counters criminologists who claim that only low-IQ criminals get caught? There is little difference in the IQ scores of self-reported and official criminalsDiet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the ________ perspective. biochemicalt/f There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins, than between criminal behavior and fraternal twins. trueGenetic theory holds that criminality-producing traits arepassed from generation to generation. __________, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality. testosteroneMichael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael’s acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol.

Michael is now twenty years old and a court ordered psychologist has diagnosed Michael with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a type of _________ disorder.

psychoticLocations with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels ofhomicideAt the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence.

Which factor presented in the scenario would be the best indicator that the boys would engage in criminal behavior?

that their biological father is criminalt/f Affirmative action programs have erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities. falset/f Shaw and McKay’s statistical analysis confirmed that even though crime rates changed, the highest rates were always in Zones I and Zone IItrueTommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother’s orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood.

Tommy was arrested one evening for breaking into his neighbor’s home attempting to steal their computer. He is transported to the police department for questioning. When the detective asks Tommy why he broke into his neighbor’s home Tommy replies, ” everyone else has a computer and I wanted one, too.” According to Merton’s modes of social adaptation, which applies to Tommy’s actions?

innovationAccording to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced tosocioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society. When members of the lower-class are unable to achieve symbols of success via conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are collectively referred to asstrainAccording to the research, crime rates decrease when families receive supplemental income throughpublic assistance payments________ are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values and norms. social classesShaw and McKay explained crime and delinquency within the context ofthe changing urban environment and ecological development of the city. t/f Crime rates may rise in a healthy economy because prosperity makes monetary rewards more attractive, encouraging people to gain financial success by any means necessary. truet/f People who live in neighborhoods that experience high levels of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting. trueWhat are the standards by which authority figures evaluate lower-class youngsters and often pre-judge them negatively? middle-class measuring rodsWhy are personal relationships, including establishing communication and common goals, strained in socially disorganized neighborhoods? Because residents are constantly moving in and out of the neighborhood. Andrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another.

Out of the four friends, Anthony was the only one to graduate college and become successful. Anthony values hard work, family, and charity. Scott, Andrew, and Joseph place more value in being tough and street smart. According to Miller, these values of toughness and street smart are referred to as ___________ and specifically fit to conditions in lower-class environments.

Focal concernsBecause social conditions prevent them from achieving success legitimately, lower-class youths experience a form of culture conflict that Albert Cohen labelsstatus frustrationt/f Cultural deviance theory combines elements of relative deprivation and differential opportunity theories. falseSubcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process calledcultural transmission. t/f Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete school than children who do not grow up in low-income households. trueCloward and Ohlin’s classic work Delinquency and Opportunity combined strain and social disorganization principles to explaingang formationCohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to developcollective efficacy. t/f According to the author, the most important wielder of informal social control is religion. falset/f The ” truly disheartened” is the term used by William Julius Wilson to describe socially isolated people who dwell in urban inner-cities, who occupy the bottom rung of the social ladder, and who are the victims of discrimination. falseTommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother’s orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood.

Tommy lives with his grandmother in poverty. Tommy is potentially having a difficult time in school because he is being judged by ________, which are the standards by which his teachers are evaluating his performance in school.

middle class measuring rodsWalter Miller identified the unique conduct norms that define the lower-class culture and that often clash with conventional values. Which of the following is not one of those norms? educationStrain theory holds that crime is a function ofconflict between people’s goals and means. General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how _____ influence behavior. life eventst/f Collective efficacy refers to the social control exerted by cohesive communities that is based on mutual trust. truet/f Relative deprivation is felt most acutely by white youths. falset/f The major premise of the relative deprivation theory is that crime occurs when the wealthy and the poor live close to one another. trueCultural deviance theory combines elements of _____ and social disorganization theories. strainThe top 1 percent of households have ___ percent of all wealth in the United States. 43Tommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother’s orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood.

Tommy’s grandmother is concerned that Tommy will join a gang because she is not able to provide Tommy with the material possessions he is asking for. If this is the case, Tommy is experiencing ___________________ because cannot achieve the success as defined by the larger society.

status frustrationSocial disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists: Clifford Shaw and Henry McKayAndrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another.

Anthony went up-state to attend college on a wrestling scholarship. He graduated college, married his college sweetheart and now is a physical therapist making approximately $85, 000 per year. He has never gotten in trouble with the law and can provide comfortably for his wife and small child. According to Merton, which social adaptation describes Anthony?

ConformityAccording to Shaw and McKay, a __________ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover. transitionalt/f Strain is limited in affluent areas because educational and vocational opportunities are available. trueAndrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another.

Joseph went into the military after high school. He was seriously injured while stationed in the Middle East. He returned home to find out that his parents had passed away in a car accident. As a result of his injuries and the loss of his parents, Joseph became addicted to prescribed pain killers and after that heroin. He no longer cares about himself and has decided it is better if he just withdraws from society and continues to use drugs. According to Merton, which social adaptation describes Joseph?

retreatismAccording to institutional anomie theorists, the _________ is both a goal and process to accumulate goods and wealth. american dreamSocial strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth. While the upper-class is exceptionally well-to-do, ______ people live in poverty in America. 46, 000, 000Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime? social disorganization theorySocial ecology school criminologists associate crime rates and the need for police services tocommunity deterioration. Which researcher focused on cultural norms and focal concerns? Millert/f Agnew’s focus on negative affective states offers a more general explanation of criminality among all elements of society rather than being restrictive to lower-class crime. truet/f Minority and white group members are equally likely to be poor. falseJudith and Peter Blau developed the concept of __________, the idea that anger and mistrust result from perceptions of inequality that lead lower-class people to feel deprived and embittered in comparison with those more affluent. relative deprivationAs working and middle-class families flee inner-city poverty areas, the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos. This phenomenon results in a povertyconcentration effectAccording to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay’s findings was thatcrime rates correspond to neighborhood structure. What is the result of ineffective community social control efforts? Crime rates increase. What two elements of culture interact to produce anomie and/or anomic conditions? culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining themWhich theory views that lower class youths have limited opportunities and thus join gaings as an alternate means to achieve universal success goals? differential opportunityAndrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another.

Scott went to a community college and met Heather, and they now have two children. Heather is trying to convince Scott of the need to move to her hometown and live with her parents. People in her hometown have a better life including better education, health care, and housing opportunities, and Heather wants the the children to have these advantages as well. This outlook is referred to as __________.

Collective efficacyt/f Research indicates that people who are labeled with one positive trait are assumed to have other positive traits. trueWalter and Janet have three children. Janet has been a stay at home mother raising the children. Walter has always worked full time and is always traveling for business. Their youngest child will start school soon. Now all three children will be in school all day. Walter and Janet are discussing if Janet should take the full time job she has been offered.

Their oldest child Walter Jr. will be moving to the local high school. He previously attended the school at the family’s Catholic Church, where he attended mass weekly. What risks are there for Walter Jr. by leaving the Catholic school?

Attending religious services has a significant impact on reducing crime. Which theory explains criminal careers in terms of stigma-producing encounters? social reaction (labeling) theoryCriminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim ” had it coming.” This is an example of which technique of neutralization? denial of injuryt/f Social control theory suggests that people learn techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers. falset/f Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime. truet/f The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact – high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career. falseTravis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements. Which of the following is NOT one of these elements? affectionWhich of the following research findings supports the core principles of differential association theory? Crime appears to be intergenerational. t/f According to learning theories, even corporate executives may be exposed to pro-criminal definitions and learn to neutralize moral constraints. trueWalter and Janet have three children. Janet has been a stay at home mother raising the children. Walter has always worked full time and is always traveling for business. Their youngest child will start school soon. Now all three children will be in school all day. Walter and Janet are discussing if Janet should take the full time job she has been offered.

Janet and Walter aren’t around much, so their children interact with their peers. If the children begin to assume many of the behavioral patterns of their friends, this outcome would be best explained by which theory?

Culture conflict theory
`t/f Primary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role and produces a deviance amplification effect. falsePeter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul’s father left the home when Paul was three years old.

Paul was arrested and charged with burglary. He was permitted to do community service instead of being formally tried and convicted of a felony and receiving a court-ordered sentence. The outcome of Paul’s case is described as:

restitutiont/f The stronger a person’s commitment to conventional institutions, individuals, and processes, the less likely they are to commit crime. trueAdolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood aremore likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive as they mature. Incorrect
__________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance. Deviance amplificationThe process of _____ refers to moving in and out of delinquency or shifting between conventional and deviant values. transferTravis Hirschi tested the principal hypotheses of social control theory. While evidence was strong and supportive, what is the most controversial aspect of Hirschi’s conclusions? Any form of social attachment is beneficial, even to deviant peers and parents. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect labeling theory? Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior. t/f According to the theory of differential association, people learn to commit crime from exposure to antisocial definitions. trueIncorrect
_________ refers to a style of parenting with parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a non-coercive way. Parental efficacyReligion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if theyattend religious services. t/f The family-crime relationship is significant across racial, ethnic, and gender lines. trueDo criminals really neutralize? What does Topalli’s research on street criminals indicate? Street criminals do not experience guilt that requires neutralization. According to the social control theory, kids who feel attached to their ____________, are the ones less likely to engage in antisocial behaviors. parentsPeter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul’s father left the home when Paul was three years old.

Peter and Paul are both convinced that there are too many opportunities to commit crime not to continue. What theory best explains why Peter and Paul would continue to commit crime based on this rationale?

Social control theoryt/f Primary deviance has a significant long-term effect on the violator. falset/f The public policy effects of social process theories have been felt mainly by young offenders who are viewed as being more savable than hardened criminals. truet/f Religious participation seems to be a more significant inhibitor of crime than merely having religious beliefs and values. truePeter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul’s father left the home when Paul was three years old.

According to the social control theory, unless Peter and Paul have an attachment to a ______________, it is unlikely that respect for other authorities will develop.

parentWhich of the following is not one of the major principles of differential association? Differential associations may vary in meaning, reliability, and intention. Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory states thatcriminal behavior is learned like any other behavior. Social process theories share one basic concept. Which is it? All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals. t/f Getting involved in sports and other activities helps prevent crime and delinquency. truePeter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul’s father left the home when Paul was three years old.

Paul and Peter have recently befriended several individuals who are known for using drugs and also committing crime. Using techniques learned from these new friends, the two begin stealing cars, thus validating which theory?

Social learning theoryThe process of becoming stigmatized by crime labels is interactive. Labeling theorists blame the establishment of criminal careers onparentsWhen labeling alienates parents from their children and negative labels reduce children’s self image and increase delinquency, this process is referred to as: reflected appraisalWhich of the following elements of the social bond involves the time, energy, and effort expended in conventional activities? Commitmentt/f Donald Sutherland’s version of social control is the most dominant version of control theory today. falset/f A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders. trueWhich of the following is NOT a criticism of differential association theory? Differential association theory can account for isolated, psychopathic killing. t/f The delinquent peer-crime relationship does not apply to popular kids because they are too busy to commit crime. falseAll of the following family factors are associated with delinquency EXCEPTnon-coercive parenting. Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by ” appealing to higher loyalties.” Which of the following would be an example of that technique? Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend. According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten. primary devianceSocial control theory suggests thatcrime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken. According to the author, which of the following is accurate regarding why troubled kids choose delinquent peers? Troubled kids do so out of necessity rather than desire. Neutralization theory points out thateven the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all the time. A competency hearing in which a person is declared ” mentally ill,” or a trial where someone is found to be a ” rapist” are forms of __________ according to Harold Garfinkle. successful degradation ceremoniesWhat is the process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance? deviance amplification

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