INTRODUCTION
” Prevention is better than cure”
” Cleanliness is next to godliness”
Today increasing emphasis is based on health, health promotion, wellness and self-care. Health is seen as resulting from a lifestyle that is oriented towards wellness. The result has been the evolution of a wide range of health promotion strategies including lifetime health monitoring programmes, environmental health programmes, risk reduction, nutrition and health education. Dissemination of health information is one of the ways of increasing knowledge on health and modification of behavior which is directed towards promotion of health and prevention of disease. The entry of the causative agent of the disease into the human body and its multiplication is known as the infection. A disease is caused due to a specific organism or by its toxic products. It is transmitted from man, animal, or from environmental agents like food wastes, air, soil and dust, fluid, flies, feces and fomite which is called ‘communicable disease’. An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa and multi cellular parasites and absent proteins known as prions. These pathogens are able to cause disease in animals and plants. Infectious pathologies are usually qualified as contagious disease (also called communicable disease) due to the potential transmission from one person or species to another. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through one or more of diverse pathways including physical contact with infected individuals. These infectious agents may also transmit through Feces, Fingers, Food, Fluids and Fomites are the spread of diseases. As a result of the growing prevalence of communicable diseases and the related cost burden, health promotion and illness prevention is increasingly important. Communicable disease crisis of global proportions is today threatening hard won gains in health and life expectancy. They are now the world’s biggest killer of Under-five children. They account for more than 13 million deaths a year over the next hour alone, 1500 people will die from an infectious disease over half of them children under five. Most deaths from infectious disease occur in developing countries, the countries with the least money to spend on health care. Meanwhile, the growth of densely populated cities with unsafe water, poor sanitation and widespread poverty has created the perfect breeding ground for out breaks of disease. Every three seconds a young child dies. It is currently estimated that over 21. 7 million typhoid cases occur annually, with the vast majority of cases in Asia, with over 2, 00, 000 deaths. Additionally an estimated 5. 4 million cases occurs due to paratyphoid in most developing countries. The incidence of typhoid fever is <15 cases per 1, 00, 000 population with most occurring in travelers as isolated of expense to carriers. there may be also differences age distribution and at risk. the specific incidence typhoid highest children <5 years comparatively higher rates complications hospitalization. direct or indirect contact an infected person is a prerequisite for infection. so people must counseled regarding risk disease transmission given advice on hand washing, safe water, food, cleanliness fomite preventive strategies. are among vulnerable infectious childhood infections, demand rapid effective treatment. gastroenteritis inflammation digestive tract that frequently associated infection by bacteria viruses. rotavirus major cause watery diarrhea less than 5 old. it responsible significant death underdeveloped countries. many developing countries struggle huge burdens where wider approach prevention required. strategies relevance both developed transmitted from some source. plays important role understanding biology agent addressing its cause. general methods prevent pathogens include disinfection pest control.
SIGNIFICANCE AND NEED FOR THE STUDY:
The unique feature of Community health nursing as contrasted with other sub-specialties is its primary focus and dedication to the prevention of disease. 10 One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious disease is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. In all countries effective implementation of preventive strategies requires the involvement of a range of sectors (e. g.: health, agriculture, water supply & sanitation). Infectious disease is defined as one which is being communicated or transmitted, directly or indirectly, from man to man, animal to animal, man to animal, animal to man, from the environment [through fluid, soil, food, air etc.] to man or animal. The main diseases transmitted through these channels are cholera, diarrhoea and common cold. Worldwide, there are 2 million deaths per year from gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old. Infants and those with immunological compromise are more likely to have more severe disease and to require admission to hospital for rehydration. In severe cases hypovolemic shock and even death can occur. Gastroenteritis is a less severe illness than formerly but remains a significant cause of pediatric morbidity. Disease caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasites are major causes of death, disability, social and economic disruption for millions of people. In the case of cholera 317534 cases were reported in 2010 to WHO. Deaths due to cholera were reported globally in 2010 as 7543. In India, the assumption is that 1280 cases of diarrhoea disease are reported within an area in one year, amongst a total of 17900 children. Young children, whose immune systems are vaive to the viruses, are the most vulnerable to cold, though adults still catch an average of 2-3 per year. Infectious disease transmission of organisms causing disease occurs mostly through contamination of food, fluid, and finger. Very small amounts of feces can carry enough organisms to establish infection. Seemingly sparkling clear water may be dangerously polluted. Contaminated food may smell, look and taste normal and yet harbor infective organisms. Clean-looking hands may carry and transmit enough micro-organisms to spread disease. An evaluator study was conducted to assess knowledge, positive attitude and healthy practices of diarrhea among children in order to assess the impact of child to child programme in increasing the knowledge, healthy practices and positive attitude among rural primary school children at Belgaum. The data were collected from 54 students belong to 6th students using a knowledge questionnaire. The analysis revealed that the post-test mean score [23. 57] was significantly higher than pre-test mean knowledge score [1. 14]. The post-test mean attitude score [2. 96] was significantly higher than mean test attitude score, the mean post-test practice score [4. 17] was significantly higher than mean pre-test practice score [. 65]. The study recommended for continuous and special health education to the children to improve the knowledge, practice and attitude on healthy practices to prevent the communicable disease. The investigator during her under graduate programme had conducted a visit to an orphanage and came to know that most of the children were affected by diseases. The investigator perceived that because of lack of individualized care, children living in orphanages are more prone to get communicable disease. Thus the investigator felt the need to provide health education of these children, so that they may improve their knowledge and healthy practices, which will eventually, help to reduce communicable disease like diarrhea, cholera and common cold. Enteric fever remains endemic in many developing countries. Population based studies from South Asia indicate that the age specific incidence of typhoid may be highest in children <5 year of age, with comparatively higher rates complications and hospitalization. so efforts should be made to make the parents children aware regarding preventive strategies typhoid fever. a prospective study was conducted by s p con way, r. r philips; pandey over one period examined preadmission illness its treatment, social characteristics referral patterns inpatient progression in 1148 admitted primary diagnosis gastroenteritis. admissions were predominantly from socially disadvantaged families 712 (62%) classes. quarter referred minimal symptoms only 12 (1%) moderate severe dehydration eight hypernatremia. third had received no treatment inappropriate antibiotics, anti-diarrheal. gastroenteritis is less than formerly but remains significant cause pediatric morbidity. suboptimal common. this addresses need for improving health services intervention control population based surveillance fever who five asian countries inform policy makers about introduction interventions against typhoid. total 441435 persons under surveillance, that 21874 episodes detected. salmonella typhi isolated 475 blood cultures. annual incidence (per 100000 person years) varied 24. 2 29. 3 sites vietnam china 412. 9 493. 5 pakistan india. concluded being high india pakistan. these findings highlight importance evidence on disease burden making decision disease. as researcher i felt communicable diseases are major causes morbidity mortality among under-five children. mothers play crucial role aims improve knowledge level prevention selected promote water borne caused 5f’s transmission.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
” A study to evaluate the effectiveness of a planned teaching program on knowledge and attitude of Mothers of Under five children regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s in selected rural area at Madurai district.”
OBJECTIVE
Assess the existing knowledge and attitude of mothers of under-five children regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s. Evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge and attitude of mothers of under five children regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s. Find out the correlation between knowledge and attitude of mothers of under-five children regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s. Find out the association between knowledge and selected demographic variablesFind out the association between attitude and selected demographic variables
HYPOTHESES
H01: There will not be a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test knowledge score regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s among mothers of under-five children. H02: There will not be a significantly association of the mean post-test knowledge score of mothers of under-five children regarding water borne diseases caused by 5F’s with selected demographic variablesH03: There will not be a significantly association of the mean post-test knowledge score of mothers of under-five children regarding water borne diseases caused by 5F’s with selected demographic variablesH04 : There will not be a significant association between the post-test knowledge and the post-test attitude with the selected demographic variables like age in years, religion, education status, occupation, number of children, type of water facilities, type of latrine facilities and source of information regarding water borne diseases caused by 5F’s.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Effectiveness
In this study it refers to the output of planned teaching programme in terms of improvement in the knowledge and attitude among the mothers of under-five children as measured by a structured questionnaire and three point Likert scale.
Planned teaching programme on water borne diseases caused by 5F’s
Planned teaching programme refers to a planned events, series of studies and lectures. In this study it refers to the systematically developed teaching aid designed to provide information about the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s of selected diseases, such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery
Knowledge
In this study it refers to the level of understanding regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s of selected disease as expressed through correct verbal responses from the mothers of under-five children as measured by a structured questionnaire.
Attitude
In this study it refers to the way of thinking, belief and feeling regarding water borne diseases caused by 5F’s among the mothers of under-five children as measured by three point Likert scale.
Role of 5f’s
The causative organisms have to pass through the environment from the feces of an infected person to the gastro-intestinal tract of a susceptible person. This is known as the fecal-oral transmission route. Oral-oral transmission occurs mostly through unapparent fecal contamination of food, Fluid, Finger, Flies and Fomite.
Mothers
In this study mothers refer to those who are having under-five children and their age groups within 20-40 years of age in a selected rural area at Madurai.
ASSUMPTIONS
The study assumes that, The knowledge and attitude of the mother of under-five children regarding water borne diseases caused by 5F’s can be assessed by structured knowledge. The under five children are highly prone to get communicable disease due to the lack awareness of mothers regarding unhygienic practice.
DELIMITATIONS
The study is limited to; The mother who could converse in TamilThe mother with under-five childrenThose who are present at the time of data collection
PROJECTED OUTCOME
This study will bring awareness in the minds of mothers of under-five children regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s and the root of special attention in hygienic practices. This study will help the mothers of under-five children to impart the knowledge gained regarding the water borne diseases caused by 5F’s to the neighbors and relatives. The findings of the study can be used as a reference for various researchers working in the field of growth and development of children especially the welfare of under-five children.
