Cognitive psychology

Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Chapter 12 Q Productivity is the extent to which native speakers use a certain grammatical process, particularly in word formation. Regularity refers to the shared linguistic experiences by a similar linguistic community.
Q 2
Grammar is a study of the way that words and their constituent join to form sentences. Syntax is a study of the connection between linguistic forms and their sequential arrangement. Semantics is the study of the link between the world and reality. Phonology is the study of a sound pattern in a language.
Q 3
Is the competency of a native speaker to make linguistic judgments, and its significance is that it reflects inherent linguistic proficiency of speakers.
Q 4
Phoneme errors occur at phoneme level, which can be either addition, substitution or deletion. Syllable errors occur when syllables in two words that have an equal amount of syllables exchange. Morpheme errors refer to inadvertent substitutions of morpheme between words.
Q 5
Vocal-auditory channel
Arbitrariness
Discreteness
Q 6
The three separate positions include a perceptive soul of pain, desire, and pleasure.
Q 7
It argues that language influence an individual’s perception of the world. Whorf is responsible for the hypothesis.
Q 8
Word Meaning
Argument structure
Tense and aspect
Q 9
Motherese relates to the language communicated between a child and a mother or an adult individual.
Q 10
A study by Johnson and Newport (1989) demonstrated that children had better language mastery than adults.
Chapter 13
Q 1
The first stage of language comprehension is perceptual processing, which includes translation of sounds and encoding of audio messages into a word representation. Second is parsing stage, which defines the transfer from a word representation to a meaning representation. Third is utilization stage, which designates the process of interpreting a meaning representation into existing knowledge.
Q 2
It is a principle of language processing, which states that individuals commit to an interpretation of a word together with its function in a sentence immediately they process the word. Studied by Just and Carpenter (1980) to recursive the movement of the eye.
Q 3
Syntax is prior semantic; hence it serves to determine an expression’s semantic role.
Q 4
It describes a scenario when individuals choose the simplest meaning when processing a sentence with multiple meanings.
Q 5
Masson et al. (2003) made a comparison of three different type sentences including ambiguous preferred, unambiguous and ambiguous un-preferred. The study tells how to resolve the kinds of ambiguities.
Q 6
The study demonstrates that context influences lexical access. The study is significant in cross-modal decision duty.
Q 7
They think that when reading, comprehension should entail higher-order processing of the reader’s knowledge and discourse structure in interaction with processes of word coding.
Q 8
Bridging inferences make connections by reaching back in the text whereas elaborative inferences predict an incoming thing in the text as well as adding new information to the understanding of the text.
Q 9
It tells that one of the straightforward way to resolve a reference of pronouns, is by use of gender or number cues.
Q 10
They discovered that the variation between false negative and true negative is close to the variation between true affirmatives and false affirmatives.
Q 11
Kintsch tells that representation of a text occurs at several levels including propositional and surface levels.
Chapter 14
Q 1
Piaget’s theory indicates children’s cognitive ability progress from simple to intricate and follows four stages in a sequential manner.
Q 2
The concept of conservation in Piaget’s theory points that objects remain the same though their shapes show changes.
Q 3
Fetal brain rapidly develops during gestation as connections and structures form and lay the ground for all future development. During the first two years, there is development of the cerebral cortex and limbic system.
Q 4
It describes that human memory works in a limited capacity.
Q 5
The experimental outcome showed that children displayed better memory for chess positions compared to adults despite adult novices having longer memory than child expert.
Q 6
The study shows that performance component of WAIS-R declines rapidly with age.
Q 7
With the advent of laboratories, intelligence testing in Europe and America developed and focused on studying the motor skills, sensory discrimination and reaction time.
Q 8
Fluid intelligence is the capability of solving problems using identity patterns and new situations. Crystallized intelligence is the capability of using experience and learned knowledge.
Q 9
The study demonstrated that the two have the ability of performing intricate and simple cognitive tasks.
Q 10
MacLeod, Hunt, and Matthews (1978) showed that two strategies are possible when sequentially presenting picture and sentence in the sentence verification paradigm.
Reference
Anderson, J. R. (2010). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications: Seventh Edition. New York: Worth Publishing.