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Chapter 7 – learning and behavior – mazur

Negative ReinforcementA behavior-strengthening procedure in which an aversive stimulus is removed or omitted if the behavior occurs. EscapeA type of negative reinforcement in which performing a resonse leads to the termination of an aversive stimulus. ONCHAPTER 7 – LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR – MAZUR SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowAvoidanceA type of negative reinforcement in which performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place. PunishmentA behavior reduction procedure in which the occurrence of a behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus. Negative Punishment (Omission)A behavior reduction procedure in which a desired stimulus is removed or omitted if the unwanted behavior occurs. Shuttle-BoxAn experimental chamber with two rectangular compartments. An animal may be required to move from one to the other to escape or avoid an aversive stimulus (ex: shock). Avoidance ParadoxThe puzzle about how the nonoccurrence of an aversive event can serve as a reinforcer for an avoidance response. Two-Factor TheoryThe theory that both classical conditioning (learning to fear stimulus) and operant conditioning (escape from fear-eliciting stimulus) are required for avoidance responding. One-Factor TheoryA theory of avoidance that states that avoidance of an aversive stimulus, such as a shock, can in itself serve as a reinforcer, and that the classical conditioning component of two-factor theory is not necessary. Sidman Avoidance Task/Free-Operant AvoidanceAn avoidance procedure in which shocks occur at regular intervals if the subject does not respond, but a response postpones the next shock for a fixed period of time. Cognitive Theory of AvoidanceTheory that avoidance responses will occur when the individual has expectations that
1. An aversive event will occur if no response is made.
2. The aversive event will be avoided if a response is made.
Avoidance responding will continue until one or both of these expectations are violated. Response BlockingA behavioral reduction procedure in which the individual is physically prevented from making an unwanted response. In extinction of avoidance responding, response blocking can teach the individual that the avoidance response is no longer necessary. FloodingA treatment for phobias in which a patient is presented with a highly feared object or situation which is not removed until the patient’s fear diminishes. Species-Specific Defense Reactions (SSDRs)An innate defensive reaction that occurs when an animal encounters any kind of new or sudden stimulus in the wild. Usually freezing, fleeing, or fighting. Learned HelplessnessSeligman’s term for the impaired ability to learn an avoidance response that occurs after a subject has been exposed to inescapable aversive stimuli. Learned OptimismSeligman’s term for the ability to think about potentially bad situations in positive ways. Behavior DeceleratorAny procedure that leads to a slowing, reduction, or elimination of an unwanted behavior. Response CostA behavior reduction procedure in which the individual is penalized by the loss of reinforcers if an undesired behavior occurs. ABAB DesignA design for behavioral teatment where each ” A” phase is a baseline phase in which the patient’s behavior is recorded but no treatment is given, and each ” B” phase is a treatment phase. OvercorrectionA behavior reduction procedure in which the individual is required to make several repetitions of an alternate, more desirable behavior if an undesired behavior occurs. Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)A technique for reducing unwanted behaviors by using extinction combined with reinforcement of more desirable behaviors. Stimulus SatiationA behavior reduction procedure in which the reinforcer is presented in such great quantities that it loses its effectiveness.

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