Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1 The problem and its background Introduction Understanding how drugs act upon the human, mind and body is a critical component to the resolution of issues concerning drugs abuse and understanding of basic pharmacology is requisite for informed discussion on practically of every drug related issue and controversy one does not have to look far to find misinformed debate, much of which surrounds the basic lack of knowledge of how drug works. With the assistance of board, the secretary of the department of education (DEPED), the chairman of the commission on higher education (CHED) and the director-General of the technical education and skills development authority (TESDA) shall cause the development , publication and distribution of information and support educational materials on dangerous drugs to the students, faculty, parents and the community. (Art. IV, Sec. 45 of R. A 9165). The objective of this study is to acknowledge and enlighten the student on the drug preventive programs materials and publications as they perceived on the school of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated as written in the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 (R. A. 9165) St. Anne College Lucena, Inc. (SACLI), formerly St. Anne School of Medical Science’s non-stock, non-profit and non-sectarian educational institution founded in March 1986. The school, then headed by Dr. Elvira A. Andaman, was first housed at the third floor of St. Anne General Hospital (formerly Andaman General Hospital) and initially offered the graduate degree in midwifery. Realizing the need for a bigger and more conducive venue for students, the school transferred to its present site, located at Diversion Road in Barangay Gulang-Gulang, Lucena City. While the course Bachelor of Science in nursing was first offered in June 1990. On September 6, 1993 the administration decided to change the name of the school to St. Anne College, Inc. Eventually, SACLI began to offer non-paramedical courses which include bachelor of science in hotel and restaurant management (HRM), bachelor of science in physical therapy, and bachelor of arts psychology. Non-degree programs accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) such as food technology, and nursing aide were also offered. In year 2000, the Bachelor of Science in business administration, bachelor in secondary education and bachelor in elementary education courses were offered. It was in 2002 when SACLI opened in “ Kiddie Course” (Kindergarten) for pre-school children. The following year, SACLI opened its elementary and high school programs, while a program in Caregiving was introduced in the College level. From 2005 onwards, SACLI offered degree programs in Criminology, Tourism Management, Culinary Arts, Information Technology, Accountancy, Entrepreneurship, and Communication. It also offered course in Bio-medical equipment technology and medical transcription. Next to the home, the school is the child’s next impressive world. Here, the child moves about in a bigger social environment predominantly made up of his peers and teachers. As part of the boarder social process for behavior influence, it is said that the school is an extension of the home having the strategic position to control crime and delinquency. It exercises authority over every child is a consistent. The teachers are considered second parents having the responsibility to mold the child to become productive member of the community by devoting energies to study the child behavior using all available scientific means and devices in an attempt to provide each child the kind amount of education they need. The school takes the responsibility of preventing the feeling of insecurity and rejection of the child which can contribute directly to maladjustment and to criminality by setting up objectives of developing the child into a well-integrated and useful, law abiding citizens. The school has also the role of working closely with the parents and neighborhood, and other community agencies and organizations to direct the child in the most effective and constructive way. (Manwong 2007) The school, despite its efforts to mold the youth to be responsible, it is also responsible to make the students away from drugs by giving preventives programs and to distribute materials on dangerous drugs. The study centered on the perception to selected students to comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002 (RA 9165) of Drug Preventive Programs that they perceived inside the campus of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated. Conceptual Framework The study centered on the perception of the selected students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated on comprehensive Dangerous Drugs act of 2002. (R. A 9165). Republic act number 9165 known as comprehensive dangerous drug act of 2002 was enacted reforming the republic act 6425 known as the dangerous drug act 1997. It is provider in this present law that instruction on drug abuse prevention and control shall be integrated in the elementary, secondary and tertiary curricula of all public and private schools, whether general, technical, vocational or agro-industrial as well as in non-formal, informal and indigenous learning systems. Such instructions shall include: (1) Adverse effects of the abuse and misuse of dangerous drugs on the person, the family, the school and the community; (2) Preventive measures against drug abuse; (3) Health socio-cultural, psychological, legal and economic dimension and implications of the drug problem; (4) steps to take when intervention on behalf of a drug dependent is needed,, as well as the services available for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents; and (5) Misconceptions about the use of dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, the importance and safety of dangerous drugs for medical and therapeutic use as well as the differentiation between medical patients and drug dependents in order to avoid confusion accidental stigmatization in the consciousness of the students (Sec 43, RA 9165). It provided further, that with the assistance of the board, the Secretary of the Department of Education (DepEd), the Chairman of the Higher Education (CHED) and the Director-General of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) shall cause the development , publication and distribution of information and support educational materials on dangerous drugs to the students, the faculty the parents and the community (Sec 45, RA 9165) and the same offices with the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the National Youth Commission (NCY), and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) shall establish in each of its Provincial office special education drug center for out-of-school youth and street children. Such center which shall be headed by the Provincial Social. Welfare Development Officer shall sponsor drug prevention programs and activities and information campaigns with the end in view of educating the out-of–school youth and street children regarding the pernicious effects of drug abuse. The programs initiated by the Center shall likewise be adopted in all public and private orphanage and existing special centers for street children (Sec 46, RA 9165). With the basis, the Department of Education Culture and Sports (now the Department of Education) issued several memoranda for the implementation of the Comprehensive School Based Drug Abuse Education Program known as the (COSDAPP) which was later changed to be known as the National Drug Education Program or (NDEP) Perception College Students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated on Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 (R. A. 9165) * Perception of the respondents on the content of the R. A. 9165 * Dissemination of Information about Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 (R. A. 9165) Demographic profile of the students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated Research Paradigm Figure 1. Research paradigm The above research paradigm shows that through this research study that the Perception of the College Students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated on Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 (R. A. 9165) will be determine through applying the process involved in the study. The researchers shall be using the process of determining the Perception of the respondents on the content of the R. A. 9165 and Dissemination of Information about Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 (R. A. 9165) through the survey questionnaires that shall be given to the respondents. Statement of the problem The main objective of this study is to determine the Perception of the Selected Students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated on Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 (R. A. 9165). This study answered the following sub-problems: 1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: a. Age b. Gender c. Course 2. How do students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated perceived R. A. 9165 considering the following provisions? 3. What implication can be derived from the students? Scope and Delimitation This research shall be focus on the perception of the first year college student of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated 1st semester of school year 2012-2013 on the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs act of 2002 and how the school disseminates the information about R. A. 9165 to the students. All of the three hundred fourteen (314) total numbers of respondents are chosen and shall be given a survey questionnaire to determine the level of awareness of college students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated on the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs act of 2002. Significance of the study This research study would develop the knowledge for the students or the main subject of this research study, they would be more aware on what they perceive on the effects of comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002 on the school of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated and how it is implemented in the school. Also how the school disseminates the information about R. A. 9165 to the students. They would also gain knowledge about the several aspects of rules and policies in regulating the different laws in connection to the content of R. A. 9165 otherwise known as “ Comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002″. This research study would develop the skills and knowledge of the researchers as preparation for their chosen career and preparing themselves in their future profession as a Law Enforcer someday. Through this, the researchers would have the idea of how crime starts most especially if it is a drug related cases and what actions should be taken. For the faculty, as the considered second parents having the responsibility to mold the child to become productive member of the community by devoting energies to study the child behavior using all available scientific means and devices in an attempt to provide each child the kind and amount of education they need. Though this research study they would gain knowledge on how to apprehend users and non-users of drugs and allow themselves to manifest right approach to their students in terms on drug education. For the future researchers, this study could rendered on his great help to the future researchers because this study would enable him to acquire deeper background about the scope of effect of dangerous drugs and also the effective management of drugs prevention and how to be more enlighten on drugs and its effects. Definition of terms This part can give you accurate meaning on the words usually used in the study and it will help you to guide you to have better understanding of it. Dangerous Drugs— any substance affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which when taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional or behavioral changes in a person taking it. Drug Abuse – is the regular or excessive use of drug when as defined by group, the consequences endanger relationship with either people are detrimental to persons wealth Jeopardize Society itself. Drug Addiction – is a state of periodic and chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption a Drug, natural or synthetic. Drug Dependence – Means a state of psychic or physical dependence and or both of dangerous drugs, rising in person following administration or use of that drug on a periodic on Continuous Basis. Drug Trafficking – Refers to illegal Manufacture, sale or both of controlled substances. It is a Multi-Billion year industry. Drug Traffickers range powerful international cartels to street dealers whose activities often support a personal drug habit. The illegal trafficking in psychoactive a chemical creates primarily on Cocaine, Heroin, Marijuana and Barbiturates. Republic Act No. 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002) – is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433. It was enacted and passed by the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the Philippines on May 30, 2002 and May 29, 2002, respectively. It was signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 23, 2002. This Act repealed the Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as amended, and providing funds for its implementation. Under this Act, the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) remains as the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in planning and formulation of policies and program on drug prevention and control. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents some related literatures and the conceptual framework of the study, which serve as guide in formulating this study. This chapter provides the basis for the formulation of ideas on the organization of the study enabling to support findings. Conceptual Literature According to Soriano (2006), a learning process that influences an individual emotionally, intellectually, psychologically, and socially and may result in the modification of attitudes that influence behavior. It involves the normal mechanism of presenting information, and includes series of experience and influences that help shape the learning environment, the atmosphere of the school, the lifestyle present at home, the attitude of parents, the pressures within a peer group, the popular culture, the personal experience with or without drugs, and the availability of alternative mechanism employed to carry out certain kinds of behavior. As mentioned by Seguerra (1999). There are many reasons why the people turn to drugs like a general breakdown in this discipline and authority of has makers or number find in outlet in the use of drugs. In a family where a child is not loved and recognized, he may seek a temporary psychological outlet from his problem through drugs, a broken home, prolonged adolescence because of the over protectiveness on the part of the parents make a child enabled to stand on his own, family used whole home problems have become a mess, to augment the income of the family, or to get away with the poverty, a feeling of being “ in” or “ pakikisama” or to drive away shyness or inhabitation. According to the WHO global status report on alcoholism as stated by Manwong. “ In Reality, Alcohol is the world’s number one drug problem. Indication is the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there aboutt2 billion people worldwide who consumed alcoholic beverages and 76. 3 million with diagnosable alcohol use disorders. From a public health perspective, the global burden related to alcohol consumption, both in terms of morbidity and mortality, is considerable in most part of the world. Alcohol is consumption has health and social consequences via intoxication (drunkenness), alcohol dependence, and other biochemical effects of alcohol. In addition to chronic diseases that may effects drinkers after many years to use, alcohol contributes to traumatic outcomes that kill or disable at a relatively young age, resulting in the loss of many years of life due to death or disability. There is increasing evidence that besides volume of alcohol, the pattern of the drinking it relevant for the drinking outcomes. Overall there is a casual relationship between alcohol consumption and more than 60 types of disease and injury. Alcohol is estimated to cause about 20-30% of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, homicide, epileptic, seizures, and motor vehicle accidents worldwide. (WHO Global Status Report On Alcoholism). In the case of the smoking vice, tobacco use continues to be one among the leading causes of deaths. In the united states alone, smoking is the leading preventable cause of death causing nearly 400, 00 deaths each year are resulting in an annual cost of more than $75 billion in direct medical costs. Furthermore an estimated 44. 5 million adults in the United States smokes cigarettes even though this single behavior will result in death or disability for half of all continuing smokers. more than 8. 6 million people in the United States have at least one serious illness caused by smoking.’’ According to Sharma as stated by Manwong, alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. Ever since there has been a continuous effort, everywhere, to control its consumption because of its devastating effects on human life. Many countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with little success. ‘’In the Philippines, it has been observed that most person involved in the case of physical assault are under the influence of alcohol. Likewise, victims of physical assault too are under the influence of liquor. Furthermore, alcohol has adversely influenced the rate of road accidents. Drunk drivers cause majority of this accidents. The chances of an intoxicated driver causing an accident are about fifty times more than that of the sober driver.’’ The crime involving alcohol, directly or indirectly is increasing at a terrific rate. The police and the judiciary should, therefore, understand the mechanics of alcohol, its nature, effects, detection and estimation, to deal effectively with crimes involving liquors. According to the World Health Organizationtion as mentioned by Manwong. ‘’ The use of tobacco is one of the foremost public health problems in the world today. Tobacco had for centuries been used all over the world as a way of increasing the enjoyment of life or as an aid in coping with some of its problem. The World Health Organization estimates that around the world one person dies every 13 seconds from tobacco-related dideases. Doctor’s cite 50, 000 scientific studies from various independent bodies that have proved beyond doubt that smoking is responsible for around 90% of all cases of lung cancer, 95% of all cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and 25% of heart conditions in men under 65 years of age. The World Health Organization Advisory Panel on Smoking and health estimates that at least two million of 30 million Filipinos under 20 years of age today will eventually be killed by smoking. Smoking threatens not only the adults, but also the children — born and unborn. The Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society notes that premature in infants of mothers who smoke is three times more common than in mothers. Spontaneous abortion is likewise more common in smoking mothers. Too often, the smoking habit begins in the early teens of even earlier. Becoming a smoker may have the immediate value to some teenagers of being accepted by their peers, feeling more mature because smoking is an adult behavior to the child providing level of psychological stimulation and pleasure and might even serve the function of an act of defiance to authority figures.’’ Research Literature As Mentioned by Soriano (2006), the use of chemical substances that alter physiological and psychological functions dates back to the Old Stone Age. Egyptian relics from 3500 BC depict the use of opium in religious rituals. By 1600 BC, an Egyptian reference work listed opium as an analgesic, or pain killer. The Incas of South America were known to have used cocaine at least 5000 years ago. Cannabis, the hemp plant from which marijuana and hashish are derived, also has a 5000-year history. Since antiquity, people have cultivated a variety of drugs for religious, medicinal, and social purposes. Modern drug abuse began with the use of drugs for medical purposes. By the nineteenth century, the two components of opium, which were derived from the opium poppy, were identified and given the names, morphine, and codeine. Ignorant of the addictive properties of these drugs, physicians used them to treat a wide variety of human illnesses. So great was their popularity that they found their way into almost all patient medication used for pain relief and were even incorporated in soothing syrup for babies. As mentioned by Alvasan (2004), drug are sometimes said to alter subjective state in the individual who takes them not simply a change the mood or feeling, but quality different experience. The anecdotal reports of user suggest the change of state may be an important reason for their used of drug. People say that they want to escape from reality or forget their troubles or changing one state, by using is one means of affecting this escape. They provide a means of escaping from or forgetting his normal environment. The person whose life is troubled can get away from those troubles under the influence of drugs. In case the type of drug doesn’t matter, he may also experience the same relief in any large dosage of other drug was used. According to a large body of psychological and psychoanalytical literature addiction is a habit symptom of underlying psycho-disorder. Certain type of individual are psychologically pre disposed to drug addiction. Despite differences reflecting schools of psychological theories psychologist and psychiatrist seen to agree on one central point; the personality type typically exhibited by addicts involved strong dependency needs and pronounced feeling of inadequacy. In the United Kingdom and many other countries statistics show that there is a significant relationship between recreational drug use and crime (Bean, 2004). What is unclear, however, is the nature of the relationship between drug use and crime and this has resulted in much discussion. In particular the relationship between crime and the use of illegal drugs, such as heroin and cocaine has been a major area of research and debate. Therefore, this report will concentrate on the link between illicit drug use and crime. The definition of drug-related crime excludes violations of drug laws and includes acts of crimes that are committed by people who are using drugs or in the course of buying drugs or selling (Stevens, 2005). Several theories have been developed which attempt to establish what the relationship is between drug use and crime and these will be discussed. Drug use leads to crime this idea is based on the notion that drug use leads to and crime. Goldstein (1985) proposed the relationship between violent crime and drug use can be classified into three categories. Firstly, psycho-pharmacological i. e., the physical properties of the drug affect the user’s mind in a way that leads to violent behavior. Secondly, systemic i. e., violent behavior is the normal and expected behavior of the drug scene culture. Finally, economic-compulsive i. e., the addictive nature of the drug leads the user to engage in violent behavior to steal items in order to resell them to fund their drug habit. This is probably the most widely accepted link between drug use and crime (Stevens, 2005). Research used to support that drug use leads to crime relies on the assumption that a lot of crime is committed by people who are drug users. The research invariably falls into two types. Firstly, offenders who have been caught are tested for drug use. This scheme, called The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) programmed, has been implemented in England and Wales and in at least eight other countries (Stevens et al, 2005). The findings of ADAM show that a high proportion of people arrested tested positive for illegal drugs. For example, in 1998/9, 740 people arrested in England and Wales were tested for drug use and 69% of them tested positive, (Taylor, 2002). In addition, Ahmad and Mwenda (2004) state that 113, 500 people in 2002 were dealt with by means of a caution or conviction for drug use. The second line of evidence to support the notion that drug use leads to crime is obtained from ‘treatment’ studies. These studies assess the criminal activity of drug users who are undergoing treatment for their drug-use problem. For example, Best et al (2001) interviewed 100 dependent drug users who were receiving treatment and found 56% of the drug users engaged in acquisition crime. Both the above methods of research have been heavily criticized. Bean (2004), for example, points out that not all offenders use illicit drugs or are dependent on drugs. Also, not all dependent offenders commit crime. In addition, measures used to assess drug use can produce misleading results. One example is that urinalysis compares different drugs that are detectable in the urine for different lengths of time and this could bias the results obtained from such studies. Treatment studies have been criticized because they rely on self-assessment of offenders. This runs the risk of offenders exaggerating or minimizing their use of drugs. In addition, treatment studies such as Best et al (2001) have failed to establish the sequence of the two events of drug use and crime. Knowing whether individuals committed crime before or after they started being involved in drug use is crucial in helping to establish whether drug use leads to crime. Allen (2005) addressed this issue by using sequence studies. Sequencing studies set out to establish the pattern of drug use and crime behavior in the individuals receiving treatment for drug use. Allen (2005) found that out of a sample of 26 individuals that 23 had been arrested for criminal offending before using drugs and therefore there was no evidence that drug use leads to crime. Also, in another study Norco (1987) found that criminals sometimes continue to commit crime after they have stopped using drugs. Allen (2005) also investigated why people became drug dependent. It was found that the development of dependency was partly because of both the normality of the crime and the use of drugs and partly because of important traumatic events that occurred in their lives, such as sexual abuse or bereavement. It was also found that many drug addicts attempted to successfully manage their drug habit without resorting to crime, such as gaining money by begging. Moreover, when they resorted to crime it was likely to be non-personal crimes such as shoplifting. In Allen’s view people exist within subcultures in which crime is acceptable and then at critical moments in their lives they become dependent on drugs. If drug use leads to crime then it has important implications because reducing drug use would in turn reduce the level of crime. It is also an extremely popular idea and in 2002 the UK government underlined their view that drug use does indeed lead to crime. The government implemented the Street Crime Initiative, which included making drug treatment available within 24hours for drug users who were arrested for street crime offences. The assumption was that treating offenders for their drug problem would break the link between drug use and street crime and therefore stop the cycle of re-offending. However, in light of the discussed criticisms the effectiveness of such crime prevention is highly questionable. Crime leads to drug use just as there are views that drug use leads to crime there is also a view that crime leads to drug use. If such a relationship exists then this would also have important implications in the development of any polices: if crime leads to drug use then reducing drug use would not reduce crime, whereas reducing crime would reduce drug use. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the methodology that is employed in the study. It covers how the researchers conduct the study which includes the research design, locale of the study, population and sample, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of the study. Research Design The researchers will use a descriptive research design in this study because it described Perception of the Students of St. Anne College of Lucena Incorporated on Dangerous Drugs. Locale of the Study The study will be conducted at St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated, Diversion Road, Brgy. Gulang-gulang, Lucena City. Population and Sampling The population of the study is the college students of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated who are enrolled during the first semester of academic year 2012-2013. The total number accounts to 1, 474 (N); whose break-down is as follows. CASEC – 303 CBITE – 150 CONAHS – 151 IIHTM – 870 The sample size of 314 (n) was determined using the Slovin’s formula. n = N 1 + N e2 Where; n = sample size N = Total number of population (N = 1, 474) e = standard error (e = 0. 05) Sampling Design & Technique Stratified Random Sampling technique will be used to select the respondents. This will be done by dividing the research locale into strata; i. e. Stratum 1 (CASEC), Stratum 2 (CBITE), Stratum 3 (CONAHS) and Stratum 4 (IIHTM). The sample size n will be allocated proportionately among the four strata. Strata | No. of StudentsAY 2012-2013 | PercentageShare | No. of Respondents (n) | CASEC | 303 | 21 % | 66 | CBITE | 150 | 10 % | 32 | CONAHS | 151 | 10 % | 32 | IIHMT | 870 | 59 % | 184 | Total | 1, 474 | 100 % | 314 | N = 314 CONAHS n = 32 CBITE n= 32 CASEC n= 66 IIHMT n= 184 Data Gathering Instrument The researchers will use a structured questionnaire to determine the level of Perception student of St. Anne College Lucena Incorporated on the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs act of 2002. This will be formulated through the assistance of their thesis adviser. Data Gathering Procedure The researchers will seek permission from the administration of SACLI to conduct a survey within the premises of the school. The survey instrument will be given to the selected respondents, where, the researchers are on stand-by in case the intent of the questionnaire is ambiguous to respondents. Statistical Treatment The data which will be gathered from the survey will be tallied, computed, interpreted and analyzed. The researchers used the following statistical treatment for the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered. For the Part 1 of the questioner, simple percentage method was used. The formula for simple percentage is: % (percentage) = X 100 Frequency of observed data Total number of observed data (Or respondents) For parts 2, and 3 of the questionnaire, weighted mean method was use. The formula for weight and mean is: Weighted Mean = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 No. of Respondents Where: F1 = number of frequencies who answered NA X 1 F2 = number of frequencies who answered SA X 2 F3 = number of frequencies who answered MA X 3 F4 = number of frequencies who answered HA X 4 The adjectival description of the scaling are: 3. 50 — 4. 00 : Very Much Aware 2. 50 — 3. 49 : Aware 1. 50 — 2. 49 : Moderately Aware 1. 00 — 1. 49 : Not Aware