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Barbara barclay

Barbara Barclay Andrew Buckler English Comp II 02/22/2013 Summation of Chapters Three and Four In chapters three and four I found the examples to be very interesting. Not only did they show a way of incorporating the lesson they also showed us wording, punctuation, format, and on top of that, they were very interesting clips from what I am sure would be great complete essays. The fact that statistics are not always reliable is something I knew but I was glad that it was reiterated in the book. Something I did not realize was that you could draw a picture with words and it is called an illustration, this was very interesting to me. Both chapters would be very beneficial to writing an essay. We need to use some of the information, if not all, to write a great essay. Support is going to back up our thesis in several ways. Explaining the relativity of the evidence, not just stating it, shows we did some research. Using authorities and explaining their qualifications will give our argument credible resources which will then pull the reader in your direction a little more. By giving your personal insight to the issue (testimony) it adds a personal touch to the paper which gives it emotion. Using facts in the paper give it credibility whether it is widely known facts or facts that need to be cited. Statistics can be very helpful to pull a reader to your side, but when using statistics show their origin, not all statistics are accurate. There are different types of examples that are used, examples are important to a paper because they show specific occurrences and add meaning to the argument. Allusions are references to public knowledge, anecdotes are short accounts of a particular story, and illustrations are graphic descriptions (can be done with words). Any or all of these should be in a good argument essay. An appeal to logic is a series of logical steps that lead the reader to the main claim using the support strategies. Deductive reasoning builds a conclusion from acceptable premises or general principles (general to specific); inductive reasoning uses specific premises to lead to a general claim (specific to general); and analogical reasoning argues if two things are alike in one retrospect they are alike in another. There are several logical fallacies that will make a claim invalid. When writing an essay it is good to know what these flaws are so that they can be avoided. Some examples of what to avoid are personal attacks, distorting another persons position, oversimplifying an issue, drawing a conclusion on too little evidence, skipping or confusing steps, restating the claim over and over instead of using other things to support it, changing the subject, and claiming the past is broadly and inherently better. Another thing to avoid is stating that because A happened before B then A must have caused B, without support this claim is completely flawed. Also be careful not to claim that if a person (or population) is thinking or acting a certain way it will lead to more of the same (slippery slope). The last thing the book mentions is that we should avoid is association which is if two people share a quality they are somehow connected or related. Appeal to character, emotion, need and value are also very important to a paper. Including the writer’s character can help the audience connect with the person behind the pen. Drawing in your readers by using emotions is also very effective, playing on the fears, hopes, sympathies, dreams of the world. The appeal to need is very effective as it builds connections between the subject and a basic human need. Finally the appeals to value calls upon the belief system of the broader public, this builds a connections between the topic and a shared value or principle. Arguments are not monologues so it is very important to include both sides of the argument. You want to show that you know both sides but yours is better. You need to include counterargument to refute the claims or positions of those opposed to yours. Qualifiers can also be used to focus on arguers ideas, but these should be used cautiously so as not to lose the intensity of the argument.

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