Contents
- Revolutions:
1750 – 1914 Review Revolution, Nationalism, Industrialization, Imperialism, and Emancipation
Revolutions:
- American Revolution– 1775 – 1783
- Declaration of Independence expressed Enlightened Ideas (Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke)
- Ideas really only applied to rich, white guys
- Economy was based upon slavery
- Americans received aid from France (the enemy of my enemy is my ___)
- Americans win! French 1789 – 1803 (Napoleon from 1803 to 1815)
- Caused by financial issues and social class structure
- Declaration of the Rights of Man declared the equality of all men, regardless of wealth or birth
- Violent phase led by the Committee of Public Safety – Robespierre and the Jacobins
- Napoleon Bonaparte became the Consul and later the dictator
- Began wars across Europe – spread Enlightened ideas; defeated at Waterloo
- Congress of Vienna met to decide what to do about Europe – pretend it never happened
- Haiti
- o Slave plantations for sugar o 500, 000 slaves, 40, 000 whites, 30, 000 other
- o French sent some of the “ other” (free blacks) to fight in the American Revolution and they returned with radical ideas – led to civil war in Haiti
- o August of 1791 a slave revolt erupted – led by Toussaint Louverture
- o 1801 Haiti Constitution
- o 1803 Independence official declared
- o 1804 First to abolish slavery in the Americas
- Latin American
- o Colonies were very racially diverse with slaves and free people of various colors
- o 1807 Napoleon took Spain and Portugal
- o Spanish colonies questioned why they should remain loyal
- o Portuguese royals moved to Brazil
- o Mexico – peasant rebellion in 1810 led by Father Miguel de Hidalgo, but conservative (RICH) landlords suppressed them
- o South American revolts were led by Simon Bolivar and San Martin –– 1824 Spanish armies defeated
- o As a result of the Latin American revolutions, most Spanish whites returned to Spain while Creoles (Spanish born in the Americas – still wealthy, but were treated poorly compared to Native Spanish) maintained control – kept slavery and poor conditions for Native American peasants
Nationalism
- Desire to be united with people who share your language, religion, culture, and history
- Italy and Germany became two European countries that unified during this time
- Zionism emerged as a movement for Jews to “ return to Palestine” and form a Jewish state – led by Theodor Herzl
- Latin American constitutions limited participation of the poor peasants, and Native Americans sought some power – failed; Catholic Church remained very powerful
- Rumblings in Austrian Empire and Ottoman Empire by various groups (LEADS TO WWI)
Industrialization
- Science and Technological advances of the previous period led to the Industrial Revolution in the west – machine parts, trains, steamships, etc.
Major impact on family and women as young women and children worked in factories; married men works in factories; slums developed in cities; factory workers were extremely poor, but factory managers became middle class Raw materials for factories led to imperialism – rubber from Africa, Asia, and Latin America; cotton from Egypt and India, etc. ; non-western world did not prosper from European Industrialization The economic conditions developed from the Industrial Revolution led to a call for economic reform. Socialism grew out of Karl Marx – workers were poor while owners were rich – should share wealth Unionism – organized workers demanded better pay and better working conditions – outlawed in most countries
Ottoman Empire
- Lost power compared to Europeans
- Controlled huge numbers of nationalities, including Greeks, Arabs, and Persians
- Napoleon came to Egypt and “ liberated” Egypt (well, he tried to defeat the British there) – after Napoleon left Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt
- Under Ali’s son, the French helped to finance the Suez Canal (1869) opened up more trade through Egypt = wealth
- Ottomans lost more territory when the Greek’s rebelled
- Mahmud II tried to create a more efficient system, built schools, roads, telegraph lines, and a postal service; he also allowed for a more fair legal system (Tanzimat Era – used French legal system)
- Young Turks was a group that wanted reform and moderate Muslim systems; fought for universal suffrage, rights for women, and equality before the law for all groups – 1908 Young Turks overthrew the Sultan and began a road to a new Ottoman Empire and a “ Turkey” Russia
- Many nationalities under an absolutist Czar
- Expanded during this time period – into parts of Chinese controlled Asia
- When they tried to take land from the Ottomans, the Europeans declared war (didn’t want Russia to get more land in the Balkans, not because they liked the Ottomans) – this was the Crimean War
- Russia was defeated in the Crimean War – problems for the Czar
- 1861 – Czar Alexander II issued the Emancipation Order for the Serfs (1865 deadline)
- Built the Tran-Siberian railroad brought economic growth, but workers were very poor
- Factories were “ encouraged” by government money, but most of the wealthy of Russia weren’t interested; factory workers had very poor wages and often went on strike
- 1897 limited factory workday to 11. hours
- University students studied revolutionary ideas (Enlightenment and Marx) and started to push for economic and political reforms – equal distribution of power and wealth
- 1904 Russo-Japanese War was a humiliation to for the Russians
- 1905 protest in St. Petersburg led to peaceful protesters being fired upon – Bloody Sunday (Revolution of 1905) – government created a Duma – congress, but it had little power China
Qing/Manchu dynasty was very ineffective Chinese population grew to 420 million – strains on food supply and job opportunities 1839 Opium War between China and Britain – led to demand for “ equal” trade of all European countries in China Taiping Rebellion – Hong Xiuquan (brother of Jesus) created an army – 10 years of conflict with China “ Great Strengthening Movement” — 1860s and 1870s Chinese built modern shipyards, railroads, and weapons
Japan
Founded schools of science Hundred Days of Reform – reinterpret Confucian thought to justify radical changes – constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, international associations – resisted by the Emperor and the Dowager Cixi 1900 Boxer Rebellion sought to expel all foreigners; supported by the Empress; the U. S. Russia, and Japan defeated the Boxers 1911 Sun Yat Sen became the first “ president” of China, but corruption remained Sun Yat Sen stressed nationalism, democracy, and socialism Meiji Restoration changed from a feudal to a commercial economy Under the Tokugawa Shogunate Japan was isolationist and the emperor didn’t have any power Meiji brought government sponsored industrialization, modern infrastructure, and a modern army
Imperialism
- Europeans wanted cheap raw materials and a place for manufactured goods
- Harbors were needed for military and political reasons
- Spread of Christianity and the desire to take on the “ White Man’s Burden” and civilize the world – if only everyone were like us
- India was taken over after the British East India Company took an interest
- o Sepoy Mutiny should problems between British and locals (1857)
- o India became a place for tea, coffee, opium, and cotton
- o Railroads, telegraphs, canals, harbors, and irrigation systems were built
- o British schools
- o Indian National Congress founded in 1885 sought Indian Independence
- o All-Indian Muslim League joined with the INC for independence o 1909 wealthy Indians were given the right to vote, but independence became more of an issue
- Africa
- o Prior to the Berlin Conference Europeans were mainly in trading coastal cities
- o After the Conference Africa was divided up to use rubber, diamonds, and other minerals and goods – forced labor o Suez Canal major concern and the British occupied it for a time o King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the Congo – cruelest labor conditions of all
- Japan
- o Government-sponsored industrialization created a powerful country that Europe couldn’t control
- o Japan sought to create its own imperialist empire
- o Korea came under control through treaties
- o Sino-Japanese War led to Japan defeating China and officially taking Korea, Taiwan, and various islands
- o Russo-Japanese War led to Japan taking Manchuria and the rest of Korea
- Impact of Imperialism
- o Countries became dependent upon Europe
- o Migration increased – Europeans wanted cheap land in new colonies
- o Indentured Servants became a major source of labor and provided the poor a chance to migrate o Social Darwinism emerged as an argument that darker people were inferior to whites Emancipation
- Slavery became less profitable – defending against revolts was a problem, factories made them less necessary, machines decreased the need for human labor, sugar prices decreased
- o 1807 Great Britain ended the slave trade
- o 1808 US ended the slave trade
- o 1833 Great Britain ended slavery
- o 1848 France ended slavery
- o 1865 U. S. ended slavery
- o 1888 Brazil ended slavery
- o Just because slavery ended didn’t mean improved conditions Serfdom indeed in 1861/1865, but most serfs couldn’t buy freedom Women gained some political rights
- o 1910 Norway gave women the right to vote
- o 1918 Great Britain gave women the right to vote o 1920 U. S. gave women the right to vote
Cultural Influences
- The interaction between cultures led to African and Asian influences on European Art