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Essay, 19 pages (5000 words)

A major aggregate of tunisian economy economics essay

AbstractThis paper attempts to evaluate the importance of Tunisian exports which are being a major aggregate of Tunisian economy. Exports and international transports are at the head of economic policy. Furthermore, the theme focuses mainly on the issue of exports in terms of their effects on the international economy. It also puts emphasis on the fact that CEPEX is a major player that supports the Tunisian exports and on the major partners. While, it seems important to emphasis Tunisia’s exports policy with regard to transport, and their influence on the productive system and society, I will reply on the literature available in the World Bank and other International Institution Reports. General IntroductionThanks to its geographically position: in the heart of the Arab world, the head of Africa, at the center of the Mediterranean and below Europe, Tunisia sees itself strong economically since it can be considered as one of the major hot spot for trade exporter of Africa, this agreement allowed in 2008 to open a global competition with the European union. The Tunisian economy achieved developments and strengthens its position in relation to the states of the African region and Arab. Tunisia faces challenges leveling of its economy and thanks to its diversification; the Tunisian economy expanded the business in Tunisia and opens several sectors including agriculture, energy, tourism, exports imports and transport… Tunisia has a rich economy and is one of the most competitive economies in Africa, That’s why the country must develop the competitiveness of its products and have a free access to international markets…… Tunisian economists need to follow an innovative economic strategy to make challenges, remove barriers and increase youth unemployment, marginal jobs, inequality, and regional disparities. Tunisia firstly, has to develop a sustainable process of job creation that needs a competitive private sector and opened doors to entrepreneurship and investment. Despite the fact of achieving relatively high economic growth, the contribution of private investment has remained low, and the former regime pursued a political agenda on the private sector that’s why Tunisia was obliged to treat this point and try to find a benefic solution to it. Secondly, the government needs to add incentives to resources and likewise stimulate product innovation and market diversification. The major task of the country must also pursue its real opportunities in agriculture, industry, and services to promote an intensive use of human capital and to diversify its markets beyond Europe. thirdly, Tunisia must review its public finance system to achieve social justice, and equality. In addition, the government needs to rationalize public spending, reduce costly, better supporting programs to the poor, and improve the delivery of public services. Fourthly, the country has to design a comprehensive development strategy that promotes parity in access to basic services across the country’s regions such as education and health. To assure that, the government can promote labor mobility between regions by investing in transportation infrastructure, easing access to affordable housing, and developing regional complementarities.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Being better than its neighbors, Tunisia has achieved an average economic growth rate of nearly (5%) during neither the last decade. This growth has permitted it to outpace other Middle Eastern, North African and lower middle-income countries’ averages and It has also kept its domestic and external economic imbalances under control. During the past decade, a relatively impressive performance compared with most Arab countries has been detected in Tunisia which has boosted a growth in gross domestic product (GDP) of more than (3%) a year. Adding to those points the Tunisian economy was relatively diversified, with an increasingly important role for the service sector, whose share has increased from (55%) in the early 1990s to more than (62%). this growth was made by diversifying the Tunisian export with relatively high share of manufacturing . In the meantime, the contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined from (13%) to (8%)Export is the fact of measuring the amount of goods or services that domestic producers provide to foreign consumers by putting their goods for sale in other countries. In the past, this operation involved the customs authorities in both exporting and importing countries to export quantities of goods. The stability of that field is very important in the economy and depends on many factors and elements such as political stability, production, and the success of transport services. Transport, represents one of the most important human activities worldwide. Being an indispensable component of the economy and playing a major role in relations between different cities, transport creates very important links between Tunisian and the rest of the world. It is not only important for international trade but also it is a necessity for poverty reduction. Different modes of transport (such as Road Transport, Airlift Transport; Maritime Transport, Rail…) are available to help the company to move its freight destinations. Each of these modes presents its own peculiarities that the company must properly estimate during the preparation of its exportation.

Exports as a major aggregate of Tunisian economy

Tunisia has 40years of experience in the promotion of Tunisian exports. Agriculture represents (29%) of economic activities. It increases large growth rates and achieves a sufficient level of food security. These performances are the consequence of significant efforts of support and Modernization achieved through policy development and regulation of agricultural activities. Indeed, national needs by producing internal pressure is nearly (48%) for cereals, (100%) for products of farms and (88%) for oil. In spite of the development of other sectors of the national economy, agriculture maintains a social and economic importance: it provides around (11. 5%) of GDP and employment (18. 5%) of the workforce.

AGRICULTURE

The main crops are cereals (wheat, barely) olives, citrusfruits and seafood products. These products are mainly turned to export. Bread wheat, dates, the olive oil and citrus fruits are often sold. Wine-growing is also a Tunisian exporter sector: exports (40%) of its revenues products, reaching (40. 3) Million Dinars in 2009. Agriculture has been a major source of recent economic growth, growing(7. 2%). Agricultural exports in particular have expanded a significant degree moving from (2. 8%)of total exports to (5. 1%). Fisheries sector is one important economic activity in certain regions for which it is the only economic activity (Archipelago Kerkennah)And it is the second agricultural production exported after the olive oil and is mainly done on the facade Eastern more precisely in the Gulf of Gabes, where is the majority of the forty fishing ports. Aquaculture develops also in maritime sites or freshwater sires and marine fisheries products are mainly white fish, blue fish, crustaceans and mollusks.

INDUSTRIES

According to Andre Wilmots” Tunisia is part of the handful of nations in the developing world who took advantage of the wave of activitiesredeployment in North-South”. Of the 1950s, the industrial sector is almost non-existent and the products of France paying a low tariff prevent local production to develop. The sector of industry which includes the non-manufacturing industry (mining, energies, and electricity) and especially the manufacturing industry (food, textiles, and leather, glass, products, mechanical, electrical, electronic, chemical, and wood) product manufactured products representing( 82%) of total exports in 1998. For the manufacturing industry, Tunisia is the leading exporter of Africa. Textile and food sectors represent (50%) of production and (60%) of employment in the manufacturing industries.

Handicraft

Handicraft sector employs about 3500. 000 people in 2007 and contributes (2. 32%) of National exports. Regions of Nabeul and Kairaoun are the first two centers of craft production, the first for the ceramics and the second for carpets. The artisans are represented at the National Federation of Handicraft which is attached to the employees’ organization of the Tunisian Union of Industry, commerce and crafts.

Tunisia’s Major partner

The main economic partner of Tunisia is the European Union with (64. 3%) of total imports and (76. 9%) of total exports in 2006. FranceIs the largest exporter to Tunisia with (22. 8%) market share, followed by Italy (18. 7%) and Germany (7. 9%) and receives (32. 3%) of exports made by Tunisia who has a remarkable position in the French foreign trade. In February 2008, the France and Tunisia signed an agreement to increase economic cooperation and exchanges between the two countries, so, Tunisia has also concluded bilateral agreements of free trade with Morocco, Jordan, Egypt, and Turkey and France is also the country that pays the biggest part of the aid received by Tunisia.

Europe and France are they real partners of Tunisia’s economic growth?

According to Euro Mediterranean statistics, Europe and France present (79. 3%) of Tunisia’s exports and only (0. 8%) of commercial exchanges are achieved by Tunisia. this is due to the level of exchanges that aremuch higher than those of Tunisia. That is to say that trade balance of Europe and France is always positive and that of Tunisia is always negative. Under these conditions, we can consider that Tunisia is a real partner of Europe and France, which allows their enrichment, in contrast, Europe and France do not lead the enrichment of Tunisia but drive to its loss of always negative trade balance.

Tunisia’s Exports and Policy

Trade policy was analyzed as a crucial factor explaining the link between export performance and growth. Since 1960s, Tunisia has adopted the most restrictive foreign trade regimes of all developing countries that put exports in a general way, free to the exclusion of certain products that were subject of customs control. The 1970s, have testified the overthrow of most controversial aspects of the earlier policy orientation, this decade has been strongly influenced by the development of oil production, by the increased price of oil and other minerals (phosphate). despite several attempts to simplify and make more flexible and liberalized, the trade regime of imports remains restrictive as well as very complex. The strategy of import substitution has intensified with a public sector that continues to develop at a rapid pace. Administrative controls still affect all areas: pricing, investment, credits, foreign distribution. However, it should be noted the emergence of a private sector and non-traditional export sector based on zones. Hang this period, manufacturing exports have increased by(21%) per year and at the beginning of 1980, expansionary macro-economic policy was undertaken in a context of favorable terms of trade, but face a deterioration of exchange terms and a lower volume of exports, fiscal policy has been adjusted and it is even become expansionary. Following the change of political regime, a structural adjustment program was implemented and strongly rooted. It includes both a currency devaluation of a very large number of under structural adjustment programs. The stabilization program implemented quickly, has managed the restoration of macro-economic equilibrium and strong impulsion of exports have contributed to realize the productivity gains.

CEPEX as a Major Player

The Export Promotion Center (CEPEX): CEPEX is a public institution has industrial and commercial character acting under the supervision of the Ministry of Commerce. Created in April 1973, CEPEX is inserted into the institutional ape the private sector and is within the national objects of the export promotion. CEPEX main role is to support the Tunisian exporters and foreign operators has all levels of their business transactions providing benefits a personalized multitude of delivery.

CEPEX:

Studies and examines the steps exterior and identifies potentialTunisian exports, it advises and assists in matters of Tunisian exporters seeking business opportunities . CEPEX also provides technical assistance to companies to develop their marketing and promotional activities towards foreign markets. It assists and directs foreign importers; collects processes and diffuse economic and trade information and proceeded to the elaboration of information media and communication; initiates and organizes promotional activities and organizes trade fairs and exhibitions in Tunisia and abroad. CEPEX also contributes to the identification and formulation of measures and actions tend to the improvement of the strategy and environmental exports such as export strategies in the context of the national council of foreign trade and its technical committees, the conduct and management of strategic studies in connection with the export environment. Commercial representations of CEPEX abroad that are an extension of the promotion action on the outside are assigned a mission of business development based primarily on information campaigns, studies, prospecting and promotion and the support and the assistance efforts of Tunisian companies in the field of the target market. CEPEX has designed and realized the database TRASDIR. NET works as dynamic interface between exporters and importers. It also houses the Tunisian Trade Point (TIP) which is a service designed on the effectiveness of the international framework trade and connects over fifty poles trade. It aims to dissemination and exploitation of real-time business relationship set and business opportunities. It brings together representatives of all stakeholders in the field of international trade, namely the customs…. The role of promoter export vested in CEPEX has evolved in harmony with the national environment, thanks to the participation of more dynamic components and the establishment of new structures to better meet the needs and expectations of exporters.

Current issues

Exports and international transports are two activities strictly related. Indeed we cannot consider exchanges without transport services. International Transport which was formerly a move goods from one point to another has become a new context of international logistics, integral part of the production process of marketing effectiveness, competitiveness and security, are factors determinants for the success of trade.

Exports

Tunisia has worked to reduce the traditional anti-export bias of trade policy since the mid-1990s and eliminate tariffs on imported raw materials, equipment and capital goods in a number of sectors; it also expanded its use of export promotion tools and these efforts were supported by the World Bank through a loan for the Export Development. The country’s trade deficit has registered a slight decline during the first two months of 2013 and according to statistics published by the National Institute of Statistics (INS), the coverage rate has increased from its level last year by (2. 6%) to (74. 1%) and the growth in exports is explained by the rise of exports in several sectors, especially agriculture and food industries, mining phosphates and derivates, mechanical and electrical industries, textile, clothing and leather and manufacturing industries. Tunisia’s exports has achieved a performance with countries such as Russia (138. 1%) and Turkey (129. 1%) however, they decline to France and Italy by (5. 9%) and (8. 3%), they respectively fell also with some Arab countries mainly Libya (3. 7%), Algeria (14%) and Egypt (5. 9%) . To choose a mode of access to a foreign market, means must be defined to ensure the delivery and circulation of a given product in a foreign country taking in account the degrees of expertise or international engagement of the company and the level of mastery of the trade policy it wants to keep, that is to say that choosing a mode of access is a very important decision that has to take a company in order to give its implications for the nature of the investissements. Modes of access to foreign markets present themselves in various forms of exports:

Controlled or direct export:

This is a sale, completely controlled by the exporter that supports the management and control of the whole operation process without resorting to intermediate. Exporter in this case customer research, negotiates his steps, concludes contracts, ensures the collection of payments and assumes the risk. This mode offers many advantages to the exporter because it allows: 1- Take direct control of the process of being fully autonomous operation in the management of its commercial activities (choice of products and distribution channels, sale pricing, choice of communication activities and marketing … 2 – Acquire a better knowledge of the market by directly contacting buyers strange without needing the services of an intermediary. 3-maximizing profits for income that will emerge from the exportoperation will return it full. However this mode presents more major disadvantages because: 1. Exporter needs sufficient time and resources to assume all financial, administrative and logistics operations …. to succeed to penetrate in foreign markets. 2. It requires significant resources to enable the exporter to cope with the high costs of implantation abroad. 3. It exposes the exporter on direct risks related to the marketing of products. These risks are entirely assumed by the exporter. 4. It uses a thorough knowledge of the techniques required for export. 5. It requires a long time to make contacts, build relationships and havesufficient experience of walking to achieve satisfactory sales level.

The sub-processed or indirectly export:

This a sale that is made through intermediaries experienced in commercial matters, cultural and linguistic knowledge about theoperation (modes of transport, customers, suppliers and distribution networks) such as local agents, trader exporter or companies of international trade, which support all or part of the marketing process. This mode of penetration multitude provides benefits for an exporter of: 1 – Concentrate on production. 2 – Benefit from the professional experiences that could bring him walking on the intermediate destination. 3 – Avoid engaging costs installation of a sales structure / export. Nevertheless, this mode has some disadvantages: 1 – Poor mastery of the marketing process for the benefit of the representative, which can be harmful if the product exports, requires special attention. 2 – The presence of the intermediate one is an obstacle on the establishment of direct contact registered exporter and the final consumer of the product therefore risk of possible loss of customersmay increase in case of change of the intermediate.

Concerted export:

It is a mode of penetration by which a company is partnering with local or foreign. Indeed, the partnership is for some companies, a solution to avoid all obstacles related to the lack of financial and human and or the experience needed to develop their own activities on foreign markets. Through alliances, companies are pooling their skills and their respective expertise and jointly share the risks andcosts to achieve a common goal. Generally export concerted presents several advantages: 1 – Sharing risks, costs and investments. 2 – Sharing resources, expertise. 3 – Facilitates access to foreign markets (culture, language, competition, consumer behavior, distribution channel). However, some drawbacks exist: 1 – Partial mastery of trade policy. 2 – Risk of loss of expertise. 3 – Investment in time quite important for the selection of partners and partnership management.

International Transport

Transport is the fact of moving people or goods from a place to another. There are around seven billion people living in the world. Because of various reasons such as to meet their social and economicneeds, people travel between locations. The goods are also move to reach people. However, people and goods don’t move in the samespeed, comfort and safety in the world because of the different levels of transport infrastructure and transport services in countries. Transport infrastructure are basically installations used for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports. The world trade is dominated by US, EU, and East Asia. Therefore, Tunisia has a number of international transports to serve its sizeable trade. Accordingly, Tunisian maritime transport is the most preferred way of transport in international trade and more than (95%) share. Maritime transport is cheaper and sometimes necessary to reach markets. Tunisian road and rail transport are usually used ininternational trade when maritime transport is not available or less competitive than the land transport. Transport, trade, and Tunisian economy development can be as corners of a triangle; breading and supporting each other. A good transportation infrastructure is an important precondition for an export-led economic growth and development. The situation of Tunisia’s international transport sector is a critical determinant of its costs and the degree of access to domestic and foreign markets, all of which impact the Tunisian development prospects.

The different modes of transport

International maritime transport

International road transport

International air transport

International rail transport

The current challenges

The challenges of exports

Normally evolution of exportations is an indicator of trends in business competitive and export-oriented sector often acts as a vehicle to introduce technological advances in a small economy such as Tunisia. Despite of their high and growing exports contribution, textiles and mechanical and electrical products have only a relatively modest contribution to GDP growth. In these two sub-sectors, production usually begins by off-shore end of the chain that allow access to duty-free imported inputs and who benefit from a series of incentives to investment. Therefore, the production of value added in these sub-sectors has remained relatively low and the growth of manufactured exports has dropped in real terms by (12. 8%) per year to (4%). In addition, certain products of export decline on traditional export markets compared to that of new competitors. The analysis of exports by sector clears important challenges. As the economy moves toward exports, the distinctions between domestic and off-shore should be gradually eliminated. The regime off-shore has two objectives: To allow exports growth of manufactured products while maintaining the internal economy largely protected and attracts foreign direct investment.

The challenges of international transport

The developmental effects of transport can go beyond the economic domain and can also contribute to human development in general. The improvement of transportation will generally result in better services, especially in Exports and the increased accessibility of a certain location will also pave the way for more employment opportunities, by both attracting more investments and by connecting it to greater markets easier and cheaper.

Future prospects

The recent development of export will undoubtedly have an effect on the Tunisian economy. Tunisia has potential to increase and improve exports in the future and we can distinguish the traditional sector for which Tunisia has acquired comparative advantages and innovative sectors for which an effort to build a comparative advantage in a dynamic perspective should be done. Sectors lagging behind in terms of productivity growth are those of the traditional exports of agricultural products, food and non-manufacturing industries (hydrocarbon and minerals); their export performance was the lowest that’s why Tunisia presents new technologies and manages macro-economic programs to improve their productivity and opens doors to the investissements. The government has price important steps to encourage foreign direct investissements.

Conclusion

Tunisia tries to deal an economic transition in a strong situational context and social instability is bound after the revolution. The recovery of 2012, depends on a quick return to social stability and the agreement between the various economic sectors, similarly the mechanisms of government may guarantee an economic framework conducive climate exports, are to put in place , to mark a rupture with the predatory of the old regime and make challenges in the future of Tunisian exports . The political future and economic recovery are closely related and there will be no recovery without stimulus with tangible responses to the needs of different sectors such as export and international transport. In spite of the progress made, the Tunisian economy remains dominated by traditional low-value-added sectors and in spite of these difficulties, the medium-term outlook remains positive. Tunisia should attract new capital flows focusing on the transport sector and the improvement of its services, the creation of companies and the improvement of the quality of exports. The country can rely on a local workforce highly skilled, a dynamic private sector and depriving an advantageous geographical position between Europe and Africa. However, the expected recovery in 3013 will depend on the capacity of the main economic sectors to agree on a new constitution and to revitalize the economy and regain investor confidence. Similarly, it will depend on whether or not the reductions of oil and food subsidies for the government to increase its investissements spending the stimulus effects are also dependent on the European economy, the country’s main trading partner. Finally, returning to normal in Libya and the expected recovery could trigger a new dynamic investissements expansion and trade between the two countries.

Methodology

This chapter attempts to present the survey methods used to conduct this research. Therefore, interview and questionnaire were included in this research process as method or instrument of data collection.

1. Primary source: interview

FINDINGS

According to the interview I have made with CEPEX, in the first part I asked them about export in Tunisia and influences that may have export on Tunisian economy, I observed that this economic and commercial activity is considered to be very important, it is especially crucial way to acquire foreign currency which is for the country an economic and financial intervention in the exterior (for example to equip or obtaining commodity). In addition, exports can stimulate an economy by promoting the Tunisia’s work to another countries and ensuring the sustainability of its business, which in the context of globalization, is strong beyond to their positions on the world market (share walk in the work). also, I asked them about the improvement of export and I concluded that all devices of the export policy is for support; and to improve export, international trading companies should encourage their eminent role and should encourage partners from different industry groups and financial support for the creation groups of powerful and effective trade. With regard to the different points on what we should act, they give me different suggestions, such as first, the international negotiation, that is to say, using the network of economic expansion, positioning in international negotiation to limit the cons-purchases and compensation especially with countries where there is a trade deficit. Also, limit imports of raw materials mass(oil, minerals, paper pulp) by developing recycling and promoting development in the context of ancillary contracts, exports of innovation, management, services and labor force in the form of the technical assistance, maintenance of facilities, technology transfer and learning. The second point is research and information processing, by the creation of database of available commercial given to exporters; the sharing of information collected by the network of companies and organize trips to various businesses abroad. The third point, is regulation, that is to say, easing labor laws when it comes to work for export; simplify and accelerate administrative procedures that relate to the export; and improve road, rail and airport networksConcerning the second part of my interview, I asked them about the quality of logistics needed to play a crucial role on the export, I observed that logistics is an essential instrument of globalization; it is a strategic issue for companies so logistics remains today one of the very important issues for the development of the competitiveness of the Tunisian business in the current economic environment, marked by increasing competition on the international scale. In the final part of my interview, I asked them about the role played by the CEPEX, on the Tunisia’s exports and the contribution of the CEPEX to promote the Tunisian export with regard to the horizons that aims the CEPEX on the export, I obtained that missions of CEOEX revolve around four main areas that are: 1. Information: advice and guidance Tunisian exporters to international exchange opportunities and trading partner by putting at their disposal a system of information and business intelligence. 2. Support system/ the economic actors in their export process by supporting them financially and administratively. 3. Supporting exporters on exterior stairs, on organizing exterior promotional shares, partnership meetings and prospecting missions. 4. Promoting export catalog of Tunisian products and services to the foreign target. I concluded that, CEPEX aims first, at enhancing the positioning of the Tunisian products and services on international markets. Second, booting the diversification of products and fostering exports markets. Third, redoubling efforts with a view to enhancing exports of high added value products and services. Finally, strengthening the Tunisian business transaction network and optimizing the free trade agreement concluded with more than 130 countries. At the end of my interview, I think that the export is one of the pillars of the Tunisian economy as it allows the opening of new horizons and new countries. Its role can be as beneficial to the respect of the economy of the exporting country since its highly enrichment. In my opinion, the export can only have beneficial repercussions on the economic development and the opening of new cultures, so, it will be important to more improvement. Knowing the contribution and rewarding export, I think that the country’s leaders in this field have to act with few points including the exporters’ taxation, tools and lowest means of transport and training person qualify for the rational dimension with importing countries. Concerning the transport, I think that more logistics quality (reliability and security of transport) is better, export is fulfilled, and therefore, its profitability will be beneficial and contribute to the best value of international relations.

2. Second source: questionnaire

FINDINGS

I have made a questionnaire with 30persons; I asked them about export partner.

Export Partners

Cities

%

PeopleEurope50%15Chine30%9USA20%6Total100%30According to their answers I resulted that Europe has the major part of choices. 15out of 30 people, said that Europe is the major partner of Tunisia while 9out of 30 people select USA. So from this table, we can conclude that Europe posted (50%), in contrast China (30%) and USA (20%) and to interpret, I think that Europe is the major partner of Tunisia but it is not the only one. Concerning the question about target country,

Target Country

Countries

%

PeopleChina12%4Spain10%3France38%11Italy30%9USA10%3Total100%30I observed that, Tunisian export target France more than other countries. 11 out of 30 persons confirmed that France have the major part of Tunisia’s exports while 9 out 30 people select Italy; 3 said Spain and USA and 4 for China. The table shows the classification of target countries and from these results, I obtained the first class for France by (38%) followed by Italy with (30%); China (12%) and for both USA and Spain (10%). Knowing that France is the largest exporter to Tunisia, I agree with these results. Asking about fields that Tunisia target more in export,

Fields

Fields

%

PeopleAgriculture27%8Handycraft10%3Electricity20%6Industries33%10Mecanics10%3Total100%30I obtained several suggestions, namely 10 persons select industry with(33%); 8 of them choose agriculture(27%), 6 said electricity (20%); 3 for handicrafts(10%) and 3 out of them agree with mechanical(10%). as a result I think that the industrial sector is almost dominant and represents the great part of total exports but in my opinion, I guess that agriculture has a major source of recent economic growth and agricultural exports have expanded a significant degree of total Tunisian exports.

Sur quels points peut-on agir pour améliorer le rendement exportateur en Tunisie

Points

%

PersonnesComodité de livraison20%6Douane30%9Logistique50%15Total100%30

Quel est le point le plus important pour garantir un export de qualité

Points

%

PersonnesDélai de Livraison40%12Sécurité de Marchandise60%18Total100%30

Quel type de transport est le plus utilisé dans l’export Tunisien

Type

%

PersonnesAérien30%9Ferroviaire10%3Maritime50%15Terrestre10%3Total100%30

QUESTIONNAIRE

Please check the right answer

Export

What are our different partners in export? EuropeChinaUSAWhich countries, target the most, the Tunisian Export? ChinaFranceUSASpainItalyWhat are the domains that Tunisia target more in export? AgricultureElectricityMechanicalHandicraftsIndustry

Transport

On what points we can act to improve the export performance in Tunisia? DeliveryLogisticsCustomsWhat is the most important point to ensure export quality? Delivery DelaySafety of goodsWhat type of transport is the most useful in the Tunisian export? AirliftRailRoadMaritime

INTERVIEW

EXPORT

What do you think about export in Tunisia?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What influences may have export on Tunisian economy?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What influences can have the development of the export on the economy and the international relations with Tunisia?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

How we could improve the export and on what points we should act?

………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

TRANSPORT

To what extent the quality of logistics can play a crucial role on the export?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CEPEX

What roles play the CEPEX on the Tunisian economy?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What contributes CEPEX to promote the evolution of the Tunisian export?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What are the horizons that aim the CEPEX on the export?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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