BBC analysis An approach to behavior management that analyses the antecedent to the behavior, the behavior and the consequences of the behavior Abstract information Information that is not Immediately visible Including information that relates to feelings, (egg hopeful, sad), concepts of time (egg before, after, early, late), order (egg first, last, second), amounts (egg some, a little or position (egg beside); and it can also refer to ‘ hidden’ or ‘ other meanings’ to words, such as when using sarcasm (egg Oh you must be Joking), metaphors (egg as high as a kite), or idioms (egg pull the other leg); tit the abstract Information being that which Is not necessarily contained In the direct meaning of the words used.
Abuse Inflicting or threatening to inflict physical or emotional pain or damage; Includes unwanted harmful or offensive touching or verbal abuse.
Acquired disability Physical disability that Is acquired later in life (egg, car accident may bring about brain Injury, spinal or back Injury and a health condition such as heart disease or arthritis may result from the ageing process) Active support A model of service delivery that involves increasing the person with a disability Involvement In activities which are constructive and affirming. Activity Any task or action undertaken by a person, Including physical, Intellectual, social, psychological or any other interaction. Acquired vision impairment Vision impairment that has occurred after birth; might result from illness or injury (egg, premature babies developing problems with the retina and may be left blind and, also, a person may have had a visual condition from birth, but symptoms may appear only in later life).
Acute illness An illness of rapid onset and short duration (not related to severity of the illness).
Adaptive technology and equipment Technology or equipment that helps a person with a dillydally to access their environment and/or increase their independence. Can include things such as mobility aids, dressing aids, communication aids, and aids for independent living skills. Some adaptive technology and equipment is quite simple (low tech), while some Is very complex (high tech).
Addiction Physical and or psychological dependence on a substance (egg alcohol, nicotine). Additional precautions Are implemented when standard precautions may be insufficient to prevent transmission of infection Advocate An independent person who represents the Interests of a person (a client, egg, a person with a disability) to a decision maker.
Advocates have been given the power to speak out on behalf of their clients, represent the concerns and interests of their clients as directed by their clients, and seek the outcomes desired by their clients. Affect Another word for ‘ mood’; also used to describe someone’s mood. Affective disorders disorders of mood (egg depression, hypermedia and mania). The fear of being in public places-? that causes anxiety and avoidance of such places.
Aids and equipment Resources that may promote or assist in a particular activity or behavior for the person with a disability. Alcoholism Alcohol dependence or addiction. Allied health professionals Related professional workers e. G.
Physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists.
Alternative communication A system of communication that replaces or does not rely on any speech or verbal communication, egg, voice-synthesized communication boards or Slang sign language. Amniotic fluid Fluid that fills the womb, keeping the temperature constant and protecting the baby from Jolts. Anorexia nervous An eating disorder affecting mostly young women in developed countries. Symptoms include an intense fear of obesity, dramatic weight loss, obsessive concern about weight and distorted body image, and self-starvation which can lead to death. The disorder is resistant to treatment but people can make full recovery.
Anti-depressant drugs Drugs or medication used in depressive disorders.
Anti-Disconsolation Act 1977 NO 48 (NEWS) Makes it illegal to treat people differently and unfairly based on their race, gender, sexual preference, marital status, age, physical or intellectual impairment or career susceptibilities. Anti-psychotic drugs Major tranquillest used to relieve symptoms of psychosis in illnesses such as schizophrenia, hallucinations, delusions and severe agitation. Anxiety Feelings and experiences that occur at times of stress. Symptoms include nervousness, fear, worry, excessive sweating, irritability, breathlessness, palpitations and racing pulse.
Arthritis A medical condition that results in pain and stiffness in the Joints and may lead severe disability as people age.
Aspiration pneumonia A medical condition where a serious lung infection occurs, following the intake of DOD, saliva, fluids or other materials into the airway rather than the stomach. Attitudes ‘ Attitudes’ refer to a state of mind, belief or feeling held by a person (client, worker or career). They influence behavior and therefore it is important to consider these in providing services and in making decisions relating to the needs of people with a disability e. G.
The right to make choices about sexual behaviors is one where restrictive attitudes often surface. Auditory processing disorder The person does not hear-? because the part of their brain that processes sound tumuli is not functioning properly; the structures of the ear and auditory nerve are intact.
Augmentative and alternative communication Any form of communication that is not by speech and includes symbols, signs, gestures, facial expressions, body language, speech generating devices, computers for communication, communication boards, books or wallets, timetable displays or A blend of the words Australian sign language, it is the native sign language of the Australian Deaf community; it is a visual language combining facial expression, gesture, mime, body language, hand shapes, hand movements, space, time and finger peeling (ii, it has its own structure and grammar). Australian Communication Exchange (ACE) An alternative to the TTY is the use of the Australian Communication Exchange where a telephone operator relays messages between a person with a hearing impairment and a hearing person. Australian Hearing Australian Hearing is part of the Department of Human Services.
At Australian Hearing, audiologists can: test hearing; prescribe and provide hearing aids; advise on other equipment that might be of use; teach the wearer how to use and maintain the aids; and advise families and teachers on how best to create a good listening environment. Http://www. Hearing. Com.
U Australian Standard 1428: 2003 The AS 1428, Design for access and mobility series, provides design requirements for buildings encompassing the specific needs of people with disabilities. Autism A dysfunction of the central nervous system which impairs a person’s ability to process information and impacts on their ability to communicate, socialite, and learn – it has different levels of severity. Aversion therapy Behavior modification techniques that use unpleasant, painful stimulation to control or alter behavior, in a therapeutic manner and setting (egg electric shocks to alter behavior). Aversive An unpleasant physical stimulus intended to reduce undesired behavior; this includes physical punishment.
Barriers to opportunity Aspects of the environment or actions of people that work to reduce opportunities or to prevent people from participating in activities to the degree that they are able. Behavior management or support plan A plan to guide workers in promoting behavior change, community inclusion and/or lifestyle improvement for an individual. Bipolar disorder An episodic disorder which includes symptoms of depression or mania, also known as manic depression. A person can experience either depression or mania for a period of months, but will not experience both together.
A person may experience long periods of wellness between episodes. Some episodes may be severe, and can involve psychosis.
Body mass index A calculation relating to body measurement which involves measuring the person’s height and weight and making the following calculation: weight in kilograms (height in meters) x (height in meters) this is then compared to normative data tables that are used to determine if a person is underweight or overweight according to their age group (adult/child) gender (male/ male) weight and height. Bulimia An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge eating followed by vomiting to avoid weight gain. Business services Old workshops, work crews, benchmarks etc where people with a disability work alongside others with a disability but as part of a legitimate business-? this is called ‘ supported employment’. Captioning system shows and movies; some videos are captioned so that all viewers see the captions, but DVD’s and many television shows are transmitted with closed captions.
Career Includes the client’s identified family, including children and parents or the immunity, as well as other legal guardians and people significant to the consumer who provide care. Case based funding (CAB) Funding linked to each person with a disability, based on their individual needs, choices and outcomes so that they can receive appropriate service. Central vision What you can see straight ahead of you; a person whose central vision is impaired will have difficulty with tasks such as reading and writing. Cerebral palsy A disorder of movement control which results from damage to part of the brain, usually before birth. It results in mild to severe movement disorders and includes useless weakness, stiffness, clumsiness, difficulty coordinating movements and balancing.
Challenging behavior A term used to describe a wide range of behaviors that a person with a disability may display as a way of communicating but that may result in harm to themselves, and/or others and/or property. The behavior may also limit the person’s ability to participate in daily life and enjoy wider experiences. Chromosomes Structures that carry genetic information within the cell structure. If there is an abnormal number or structure of chromosomes it may result in a physical or mental impairment e.
. Down syndrome. Chronic illness An illness of long duration (doesn’t relate to severity). Claustrophobia Fear of enclosed spaces.
Client Any person interacting in some way with a service, agency or organization in the community service and health sector.
Some times called ‘ consumer’ Closed circuit televisions (Acts) Machines used to enlarge printed material; they consist of a reading table, camera, lights and monitor. Cochlear implant Sometimes called the bionic ear and suitable only when the cochlea is not functioning properly. This is an implant in which a wire is implanted inside the cochlea; a transmitter is also implanted under the scalp with a magnet and the person wears a receiver which is held on by the magnet, and also uses a hearing aid to amplify the sound (e, to make it louder). Cognitive skills These are the skills related to intellectual functioning.
They are associated with thinking and problem solving, and include calculation, memory, understanding and using language, orientation in time, place and person and decision making.
Commode Portable chair that holds a container (chamber pot) for body waste Community treatment order A court order made by a magistrate under the NEWS Mental Health Act that legally ensures a person found to be mentally ill under the Act takes their medication and receives treatment while living in the community, rather than in a hospital. It is a modern alternative to long-term commitment to a psychiatric hospital or institution. An unwelcome and unwanted urge to perform a certain action (egg, cleaning, ritualistic counting). Conductive loss The tubes inside the ears are blocked with wax or mucus; common in children who often have colds or middle ear infections.
Congenital vision impairment Vision impairment that a person has had from birth (egg, congenital vision impairment ay result from a mother having an illness such as rubella during the first three months of pregnancy).
Constrained Where the posture if forced, cramped, restrained, unnatural, confined or restricted Consultation The sharing of information and exchange of views between managers, workers and/ or their representatives. It includes the opportunity to contribute to decision making in a timely fashion to resolve manual handling risks. Continence The ability to control the excretion of urine and/or faces Continuous path of travel Access relating to making a clear path of travel so that a person who has a mobility crosier can move smoothly from one area to another unimpeded by obstacles (egg steps, Krebs), in a wheelchair or with a mobility aid.
Conjunctures This term relates to ‘ muscles’ and the tightening of muscles that are no longer used.
Conjunctures develop over time and can result in deformities in the bone due to the pull of the tight muscles in one direction. Critical incident An unforeseen incident or crisis. HI / CASH Community Services and Health Industry Cued speech A system that helps people with a hearing impairment to communicate orally by taking away the uncertainty of lip reading; each sound is paired with a hand shape ND a hand position and when read in combination, the lip shape, hand shape and hand position can only mean one sound-? therefore, two sounds that look the same in the lips-? egg, g and ‘ c’ can be differentiated. Delusion An idea or belief that is demonstrably false.
A symptom of psychotic illnesses, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Dementia A group of disorders of the central nervous system including communication, thinking and behavior, characterized by a decline in brain function that leads to significant impairment of physical, mental and social functioning. A progressive state f confusion, and deterioration of intellectual and physical ability, resulting in eventual death. Depression a biological disorder that is made worse by life stress or biochemical changes; a collection of symptoms that persist over time, which affect thoughts, feelings, behavior and physical health.
Symptoms interfere with normal emotional, social and physical functioning and can vary from mild to severe.
Some are thought to be reactive-? a reaction to a shock, crisis or event, or endogenous-? biochemical in origin. Devalued Term used to describe a person that society believes is of less importance than the neural community. Developmental principle opportunities for growth are provided. Dignity of risk The right of a person with a disability to make an informed choice to experience life and take advantage of opportunities for learning, developing competencies and independence and in doing so take a calculated risk.
In other words, weighing up the risks versus the benefits of an activity for a person with a disability keeping in mind their right to experience all that life has to offer.
Disability The functional loss that results from impairment (egg, the person with only one leg may have difficulty walking). Disability discrimination Occurs when a person with a disability is treated unfairly compared to a person without a disability. Disability Discrimination Act (DAD) Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Commonwealth. No.
135, 1992) Ann-discrimination legislation makes it illegal to treat people differently and unfairly based on their race, sex, marital status, age, physical or intellectual impairment. Disability Services Act 1993 No 3 (NEWS) / Disability Services Regulation 2008 An Act to ensure the provision of services necessary to enable persons with disabilities to achieve their maximum potential as members Distribution
An inability to control own behavior resulting in saying things or behaving in ways that are not socially acceptable, egg swearing or masturbating in the lounge room Dissociation The separation from the general community by adopting a disability-based lifestyle and having groups of people with a disability as one’s primary reference group for beliefs, behaviors and social interaction; life is redesigned around the disability and the person may feel safe as contacts are restricted to those who know about and understand disability. Distance vision A person’s ability to see things in the distance; person will have difficulty seeing objects that are far away-? reading street signs, for example. Down Syndrome An abnormality in the chromosomes resulting in a set of recognized physical features and mild to more severe intellectual disability.
Duty of care Duty of care is a difficult term to define as there isn’t a legal definition of the concept (except in occupational health and safety legislation).
Duty of care comes under the legal concept of negligence, and negligence belongs to the domain of common law. Common law is also know as Judge-made law as the decision about guilt is decided using legal precedence and community attitudes and expectations. That is, there isn’t been an Act of Parliament passed defining what is legal or illegal but rather the decision is based on what is considered appropriate or not appropriate at a particular time in history. Eating disorder Abnormal eating behaviors that cause physical problems.
EYE (equal employment opportunity) Everyone, irrespective of disability, gender, sexual preference, culture and so on, should have a fair and equal opportunity to get work, keep it, participate in training, get promotions, and be fairly rewarded for their work.
Electric shock therapy Also called ‘ electronegative therapy; a medical treatment of some mental illnesses y passing an electric current through the brain. Electronegative therapy Alternately described as ‘ shock treatment’. Electrodes are placed on the person’s and memory loss. It is extremely painful unless used under anesthetic. Commonly used in the past and used in mental health today for treatment of certain types of depression. Emotional abuse Abuse involving threats and harassment that causes a person to feel fear, anxiety, loss of self worth and rejection.
Environmental adaptations Changes that can be made to a person’s environment to make it more accessible and better suited to their needs. Environmental factors Factors that can influence intellectual development and cause intellectual disability egg, children who are cared for in institutions or are kept in extreme isolation can develop an intellectual disability as a result of impoverishment or a lack of stimulation. Epilepsy A disturbance in brain electrical activity that results in seizures. There are many forms of seizures and types of epilepsy, from mild petit mall to severe grandee mall fits.
It is commonly treated with medications that control the electrical activity in the brain. Many people with cerebral palsy also have epilepsy, as do those with acquired brain injuries.
There is an increased risk of a person with epilepsy sustaining an injury during a seizure, through a fall, drowning or choking. It is important that staff be trained in the management of such medical emergencies. Field vision The area that one can see at any given time. Finger spelling A form of manual communication; 26 distinct hand shapes represent each of the 26 letters of the alphabet (virtually no one uses finger spelling by itself to communicate, except when talking to someone who is both deaf and blind).
FM systems Attached to the hearing aid to help the person tune in only to the desired sounds while blocking out other background noise.
Forensic patient A person who has committed a crime, usually serious, and who has been unable to stand trial in a criminal court because of mental illness and is committed to treatment and hospitalizing in large or specialized psychiatric hospital. General services Government and non-government mainstream community and health services (egg, local hospital, neighborhood centre). (Also known as generic services. ) Generic a generic service is a service which anyone can access (egg, Centerline, Community Health centre, public hospital or library).
A generic drug name is the chemical name for the drug (egg, Paramedical is the generic name and Panola is the brand name).
Genetic Relating to the genes inherited from both parents. Gestures Body movements used by all people; an example of a gesture is a nod of the head to indicate Yes’. Grief Intense emotional state associated with the loss of someone or something with which a person has a deep emotional bond. Grommets Small drainage tubes, sometimes inserted by doctors, to keep the ear open and dry, to help prevent recurring bouts of middle ear infections and conductive hearing loss. Group home usability are supported by disability support workers to live in a community setting.
Guardian A parent or an adult responsible for decision making on behalf of a person deemed not to be capable of making their own decisions.
Guardianship A legal position of responsibility and decision making, taken by a guardian on behalf of another person. Guardianship Act 1987 No 157 ( NEWS) This Act protects the rights of people, who because of a disability are totally or partially incapable of managing to care for themselves and their affairs. This can include the inability to make day-to-day decisions about their lives and manage their uncial affairs. Guardianship orders are overseen by the Guardianship Tribunal who, after conducting a hearing, can make an order taking into account what is considered to be in the best interests of the person.
Guilt Emotional response to knowingly violating some moral standard.
Hallucination An experience of a bodily sense (touch, vision, taste, smell or hearing) which seems real but has no external cause (egg, hearing voices, seeing visions). Handicap The negative consequence of disability-? usually comes from community attitude and focuses on the restrictions imposed by impairment, rather than on the person’s costive attributes and abilities (egg, the person with a severed leg may find it difficult to gain or keep employment or to establish relationships because people view him or her as different, less able and less desirable than people without impairment). Hazard Anything that has the potential to result in harm to a person.
Hearing aids Small devices that are generally worn behind or inside the ears (a person may have one or two of them); they receive sound, amplify it and transmit it into the ear.
Hearing loss Described in terms of degree-? profound, severe, moderately severe, moderate, and mild. Hidden disability Many common types of disability are hidden egg, back injury, repetitive strain injury and epilepsy. Home care Care given to someone with a disability; assistance with the ordinary activities of daily living where these tasks cannot be performed independently and/or with ease by the person. Impairment Actual damage to physiological or anatomical structures (egg, a person might have an industrial accident in which their leg is severed).
Incident Any undesired event which could or does result in harm to people, loss of or damage to property, interruption to process, environmental impairment and/or loss of entailment. Inclusion A policy that requires people with disabilities to be involved in decisions about all aspects of their lives. Independent living skills Skills needed for everyday living: bathing, dressing, preparing meals, cleaning and maintaining the house, shopping, banking and so on. Individual program plan (IPP) Plan that provides basic information about the person and his/her visual needs; records goals that the person wishes to achieve and sets out the steps needed to achieve those goals. Also known as an individual education plan (PIE) or individual A wire that is placed in a loop around a room, together with a receiver, transmitter and amplifier; a person with a hearing impairment who wears a hearing aid, switches the aid to the t-switch’ position and can hear the amplified sound from within the looped area.
Informed consent A person’s capacity to understand the full meaning of information and the implications of making that decision (either through giving or withholding the consent). Insomnia General term for the chronic inability to sleep in a normal way (egg, inability to fall asleep, frequent waking during the night and early waking).
Institutionalizing A set of inappropriate behaviors combined with a lack of independent living skills that result from a person with a disability being placed into an institution or confined to a large, highly-structured organization for all their needs; this set of behaviors comes from routine, lack of stimulation, lack of choice, lack of social value, etc Integration A person is part of a community and is involved with other community members-? ii, the person is being seen in the community, Joining in everyday activities and interacting with others in the community. Intrusive Actions that are forced on a person with a disability by a disability support worker.
Itinerant support teachers-? visual impairment Teachers whose role is to visit students who have vision impairment and who are enrolled in mainstream schools, to provide them with specialist individual (or small group) instruction, and to carry out assessment; they also help classroom teachers to plan their teaching and to prepare learning materials that meet the needs of students who have vision impairment. Job analysis An analysis of a Job covering general information on the Job, its requirements and raining and the support needed Learning goals A clear statement about what is to be learnt, where it is to be learnt and to what standard. Least restrictive alternative Under this principle, the actions of a disability support worker that intrude as little as possible on the rights and lifestyle of a person with a disability; this principle places limits on the use of interventions such as restraint and seclusion.
Legal blindness Degree of vision impairment that a person must have in order to be considered eligible for a range of government services such as the Disability Support Pension Blind); in Australia, a person is considered to be legally blind if their field of vision is 200 or less, or if their visual acuity is 6: 60 or worse. Lip reading Sometimes called ‘ speech reading, it is a difficult skill to master, even though all of us lip read to some extent; only 20% to 30% of sounds can be read on the lips-? the rest is a combination of context, expression, prediction, elimination, intuition, common sense and guesswork.
Lithium An antispasmodic drug. Lithium compounds are used in preventative treatment of bipolar disorder. Highly toxic; dosage must be carefully monitored. Loudness Soft or loud sounds (e, intensity of sounds)-? measured in decibels.
The softest sound that a person with normal hearing can hear has a sound level of zero decibels. Low vision all of the vision or only one part, and might be different in various lighting conditions. Low vision aids Devices prescribed to improve the use of residual vision; they may be prescribed for close or distance vision and usually include some sort of magnifying lens. Mania An elevation of mood beyond normal happiness, associated with a person becoming restless, irritable and psychotic.
A person will usually behave in a speedy, high, rancidness manner. Manual communication A very general term that simply refers to communication using the hands rather than the voice (verbal communication).
Manual handling Any activity requiring the use of force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain any animate or inanimate object Mental health The capacity of individuals in their environment to interact with one another in ways that promote well-being, optimal development and use of mental abilities (cognitive, affective, relational) and achievement of individual and collective goals. Mental Health Act 2007 NO 8 ( NEWS) This Act clearly sets out the rights of people with a mental illness. It emphasizes community-based care, with hospitalizing only when necessary, patient rights (such as the right to know about the decisions and orders made of their care and to know and consent to treatment prescribed for them).
The Act gives clear guidelines for the involuntary admission of patients and ensures that the Mental Health Tribunal regularly reviews all patients.
The Act also provides a legal definition of mental illness, based on the symptoms the client is experiencing rather than on their diagnosis. Mental illness A disorder that is characterized by disturbances in thoughts, emotions or behavior. The term covers a variety of mental and emotional conditions, which can vary in intensity, symptoms and effects. The disorder can range from an illness that causes mild distress to one that severely impairs a person’s ability to function. The illness may be constant or a person could have one episode of a type of illness in a lifetime.
The illness may be caused by genetic, physical, biochemical, environmental or social factors.
