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Essay, 2 pages (250 words)

White guilt

Your full April 9, “ White Guilt” by Shelby Steele Unfortunately, white guilt has stigmatized women and the African-Americans as being the victims of racism, much more than the age when affirmative action policies were not implemented. This cause-and-effect paper elaborates on this declarative statement.
Before the implementation of affirmative action, women and minorities, which mainly included the African-Americans, suffered from racial discrimination, especially in the workplaces. They were disadvantaged as compared to white males. When affirmative action was introduced, the objective was to take positive steps “ to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded”, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (para. 1). Although it enabled women and minorities to stand at an equal position as white males, yet it gave rise to many problems. One of the main effects was the stigmatization of women and minorities. Society started attaching stigma to them, in that they gained positions in the workplaces on the basis of advantages given to them by affirmative action, and not on the basis of their skill, talent, and qualification. This stigmatization was very harmful for the integrity of women and minorities, and created an atmosphere of hatred between different races, cultures, and the two genders. It questioned the competency level of women and minorities, and gave them little value in terms of recognition of aptitude.
In short, stigmatization of women and minorities was one of the main negative effects of affirmative action, because they started being considered as permanent victims of racism.
Works Cited
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2009). Affirmative Action. Retrieved April 9, 2012, from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/affirmative-action/

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