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Essay, 22 pages (5000 words)

Water-management flashcard

Contents

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1. Introduction

Water is a critical resource for the endurance of all living existences including adult male and world. More than 71 % of the Earth ‘ s surface is covered with H2O. The distribution of fresh water is non-uniform in the different parts of the continents. The fresh water resource is considered as a scarce resource as its quality is acquiring deteriorated with the increasing usage and improper administration construction. The chief job that the universe faces is non the H2O measure but its effectual direction and safe allotment worldwide. Particularly, groundwater is much more vulnerable to the pollution, depletion and many others jobs due to its nature and intensive usage in many parts of the universe. Groundwater constitutes about 97 % of all fresh water potentially available for human usage ( Foster, 1999 ) . In many parts of the universe, groundwater resources are the chief beginning of clean and drinkable H2O for human demands as it is can be exploited with rather low cost. They use groundwater to carry through their imbibing, domestic, industrial, irrigation and several other demands. Overexploitation, rapid industrialisation, improper agricultural patterns with chemical leaching into the groundwater militias and hapless groundwater administration has deteriorated the quality of groundwater in many parts of the universe. Once polluted the redress of pollutants from the groundwater is highly expensive. The inordinate usage of Groundwater for irrigation intent has besides depleted groundwater tabular array in many parts of the universe.

The chief aim of this paper is to understand the features of the groundwater and the issues of groundwater administration and its direction. The paper tries to give an overview of the of import elements of the groundwater administration and the challenges and chances of commiting the groundwater development. Groundwater administration in Nepal has been taken as an illustration to stand for the state of affairs of current groundwater direction in South-Asian states. It tries to cover with the inquiry: why groundwater development has remained at babyhood in Nepal despite of holding enormous groundwater potency? Policies, establishments and construction of groundwater administration and economic sciences of groundwater are besides dealt in the undermentioned subdivisions, ending with the overall decision of the paper.

2. Groundwater system in nature

The fresh water in the Earth comes from the precipitation in different signifiers such as rain, snowfall, runing ice etc. Precipitation so by agencies of watercourse flow or overflow ranges to the rivers and eventually flows to the sea or ocean. A portion of precipitation infiltrates into the dirt through subsurface paths and accumulates in the signifier of aquifers or groundwater above the impermeable bed of Earth ‘ s crust. The H2O contained in the aquifers besides contributes to the base flow in many rivers, wetlands and oceans. Therefore the groundwater system can be considered as an of import portion of the hydrological rhythm. The groundwater aquifers are frequently good protected by the beds of dirt and deposit, which efficaciously filter rain H2O as it percolates through and removes the particulate affairs, infective bugs and several chemical components. Hence, it is usually considered to be safe for imbibing and other family intents in many parts of the universe. Groundwater is termed as ‘ hidden sea’- sea because of big measure and hidden because it is non seeable, therefore pollution tracts and procedures are non readily perceived ( Chapelle, 1997 ; Schmoll et. al, 2006 ) . The refilling of the groundwater occurs at comparatively slow rates and varies between different locations so that overuse readily brings serious quality concerns ( Schmoll et. al, 2006 ) .

Once an aquifer is earnestly polluted, it may be hard, dearly-won or even technically impossible to change by reversal or rectify this so that timely administration solutions of a precautional nature are really of import ( Scheumann, 2008 ) . Due to typical nature and presence of groundwater inside the Earth ‘ s surface there is small consciousness among the people about the pollutant conveyance and flow into the groundwater. This leads to the serious wellness jobs to the people depending on quality of groundwater consumed. Worldwide, a big population depends on the land H2O for imbibing intent and the tendency of increasing dependance of turning population on groundwater is continuously lifting.

3. Use of groundwater and its deductions

Groundwater has been considered as a common pool resource with highly high usage value every bit good as inherently vulnerable ( Myint, 1999 ) . Groundwater resource has a complex flow nature with small or no dependable information on the quality, measure and extent of taint. It can be easy exploited by utilizing the simple equipments and tapping processs for e. g. utilizing Wellss and pumps. The single users are incognizant about the existent value of this resource as they do non hold to pay to boot for the H2O derived from the belowground militias positioned in their land. The hapless apprehension of the groundwater aquifers among the users has put this resource under extreme vulnerable status and taint by assorted pollutants.

Approximately 20 % of all the planetary H2O usage comes from groundwater resources and over 60 % of the universe ‘ s population depends on groundwater for their imbibing and domestic H2O utilizations. Agriculture sector, which consumes over 80 % of the entire H2O used by adult male, is depending progressively on groundwater resources ( Upadhyay, 2008 ) . Groundwater is chiefly used for imbibing and other family intents, irrigation, industrial intents, nurturing and keeping delicate ecosystem ( e. g. wetlands ) , assorted domestic intents, every bit good as recreational activities. Its usage for irrigation is lifting enormously for increasing the agricultural production to run into the nutrient demand of universe ‘ s population. Peoples find groundwater as easier and cheaper fresh water resource to work than utilizing the surface H2O because of simple boring engineerings for extraction of H2O from groundwater reservoirs. Particularly for the hapless people populating in rural countries, groundwater is merely a beginning of fresh water needed for assorted intents including imbibing, irrigation and other family intents. Several such bing illustrations can be observed in the rural small towns of the South-Asian states. About 1. 5 billion people depend on groundwater for imbibing intent ( www. groundwater. org ) . Worldwide 1. 2 billion people lack safe, healthful and unafraid H2O supplies and about 5 million people die annually from H2O borne diseases, and the H2O demand is increasing three times every bit fast as the universe ‘ s population growing rate. ( Durant et. al. , „ w. y.“ ) .

groundwater is susceptible to taint by several harmful pathogens such as bacteriums, viruses from infected and landfill systems and assorted beginning of pollutants such as toxic compounds from pesticides, chemicals, fertilisers, industrial wastewaters, route salts, gasolene, excavation sites, motor oil, risky waste sites etc. that may ooze or leach into groundwater and do it insecure for human usage doing different wellness jeopardies. Therefore, it is really of import for human public assistance to protect the groundwater militias from acquiring contaminated. Smaller communities could be prepared to carry on a contaminant beginning stock list ( CSI ) utilizing assorted techniques, such as geographic information systems ( GIS ) and planetary placement systems ( GPS ) which allow communities to accurately obtain, manage, and update informations that help place possible contamination beginnings within a beginning H2O protection country ( www. groundwater. org ) . There is demand for the effectual execution of the groundwater policies and establishments and good groundwater administration.

While retreating groundwater it is of import to guarantee no perturbation in the natural environment such as balanced wetlands and groundwater tabular array. At the same clip, quality and measure of H2O in the next Wellss, watercourses, lakes, rivers, springs etc. must be maintained. Because the motion of groundwater does non esteem municipal boundaries, it makes sense that the province is the entity that can modulate or curtail groundwater usage by effectual execution of equal groundwater Acts of the Apostless ( Anonymous, 2007 ) .

4. Governance issues in groundwater resources

The term H2O administration encompasses the political, economic and societal procedures and establishments by which authoritiess, civil society, and the private sector make determinations about how best to utilize, develop and pull off H2O resources. ( www. undp. org ) . Appropriate administration construction could supply proficient solutions to the bing and future H2O jobs. But the jobs of H2O administration have frequently been neglected by authoritiess, the populace, givers and the development bureaus as being excessively intractable to cover with ( Bucknall et. Al. 2006 ) . Water administration of the peculiar state is influenced by the administration state-of-affairs of that state or local country. Assorted features of groundwater make H2O administration as a challenge for any corporation or public service. It is necessary to cover with the issues of institutional aims, inducements and motive, accomplishments, tools and partnerships, staff public presentation direction, corruptness and political intervention, fiscal liberty, answerability, and benchmarking in a systematic mode, to complement the focal point on investings. However, alternatively of waiting for the betterment in the administration environment, the H2O directors could convey important advancement in the groundwater administration by local and small-scale enterprises. Addressing H2O administration at any graduated table could turn to the aspirations and defeats of the emerging universe and let H2O resources and related services to run into the challenges of the following century ( Bucknall et. Al. 2006 ) . Harmonizing to ( Kulkarni, „ w. y.“ ) groundwater administration is understood to hold constituents such as augmentation ( recharge ) , energy links, efficiency steps ( micro irrigation ) , integrating of rainwater harvesting-surface-groundwater and responses to groundwater quality impairment. Unlike surface H2O, groundwater has different features so that its administration faces more challenges depending on the extent of development in different parts, varied land-topography and the degree of water-table underneath the Earth ‘ s surface. State ‘ s other administration constructions like belongings right stabilisation, bing policies and ordinances could besides assist to beef up the groundwater administration.

5. Case study- groundwater administration in Nepal

This portion of paper trades with the appraisal of groundwater resources of Nepal and the administration issues related to its direction. It is presented here as a general instance survey from South-Asian part. The job of direction, effectual allotment and sustainable groundwater development every bit good as construction, establishment, economic sciences, policies and of import elements of groundwater administration are besides discussed.

5. 1. Background

Considered to be really rich in H2O resources, Nepal is a South-Asian landlocked state, located in between two elephantine states India in the South, East and West and China ( Tibet ) in the North. It has an country of 147, 181 square kilometres ( 56, 827 square stat mis ) and a population of about 30 million ( Wikipedia. org ) . It has varied topography with lift runing from greater than 8000 metres ( Mount Everest scope ) in the North to 70 metres ( m ) above the sea degree ( Kanchan Kalan, Terai part ) in the South. The landscape of Nepal is divided into Himalayan part ( 4, 877 m to 8, 848m ) , Hilly part ( 600 -4877m ) and Terai ( 70 – 300m ) . The Himalayan part in the North contains universe ‘ s eight out of 10 highest mountains, including the highest extremum Mount Everest. These snow covered mountains are the beginning of beginning to many fast fluxing rivers that make its manner towards the southern fields. The of import beginning of H2O in Nepal includes rainfall, snow covered mountains, glaciers, watercourses, springs and groundwater. Majority of the Ganges river basin lies in Nepal. The ecological belts of Nepal runs from E to west but these are vertically intersected by Nepal ‘ s fast fluxing river system that runs from north to south way ( Wikipedia. org ) . There are more than 6000 rivers and 600 lakes ( greater than 1 hectare country ) in Nepal. The one-year rainfall varies from 500 mm/year in some western countries to more than 4, 000 mm/year on the southern inclines of the Himalayan scope, with 70-80 % happening in monsoon season ( June to September ) ( Tuinhof & A ; Nanni, 2004 ) . Although freshwater resource is considered as Nepal ‘ s largest known resource, bulk of people does non hold entree to safe imbibing H2O because of uneffective direction and administration system.

5. 2. Groundwater possible in Nepal

The groundwater potency of Nepal is about 2000 billion m? with per capita handiness of 11000m? for today ‘ s population ( Myint, 1999 ) . The H2O handiness on different parts of Nepal varies harmonizing to the different seasons as most of the rivers are summer-monsoon rain-fed and their H2O degree significantly decreases during dry seasons. There is no definite record about the measure and quality of groundwater resources in the hills and mountains part. The one-year groundwater modesty in these parts is estimated to be at least 1, 713 MCM ( Kansakar, 2001, Upadhyay, 2008 ) . The Terai field ( stretching across 30 kilometer along the South ) of Nepal has an estimated potency of about 12 billion m? of groundwater with projected one-year recharge of 5. 8 to 9. 6 billion m? ( the upper limit that could be extracted yearly without any inauspicious consequence ) . Soon groundwater extraction is merely approximately 0. 52 billion M3s per twelvemonth ( Sah, 2001 ) . The groundwater rich aquifers in the Terai could be exploited beneficially, at low cost to run into overall H2O demand by local peoples. Groundwater could potentially be used to supply year-around irrigation to about 75 % of the cultivated dirt in the Terai. However, the H2O is differentially available in different territories and during different seasons so that many people are confronting rough H2O lack. In Nepal, groundwater is chiefly found to happen in unconsolidated sedimentary sedimentations in the tectonic vales such as Kathmandu, Dang among others, in river patios ( Tars ) and fractured stones in the Hills and Mountains. Groundwater is stored for short clip period in Hilly parts and is discharged into the watercourses in the signifier of springs and hot H2O springs, but in the mountain vales, groundwater is stored for longer periods, and can be developed for good utilizations ( Upadhyay, 2008 ) .

5. 3. Groundwater usage in Nepal:

Approximately 50 % of the people, who are populating in Terai part of Nepal, are wholly dependent on the groundwater resources for their domestic H2O supply and a bulk of people populating in the hills and mountains besides meet their domestic H2O demands from spring H2O beginnings, which are the natural discharges of groundwater ( Upadhyay, 2008 ) . Groundwater in Nepal is largely being used for imbibing, domestic, industrial and irrigation intents. Presently groundwater is extracted utilizing over 800, 000 shallow imbibing H2O Wellss ( DWSS ) , 70, 000 authorities assisted shallow irrigation tubing Wellss ( STWs ) , another 30, 000 STWs in private sector, about 20, 000 Treadle/Rower pumps and about 1, 000 deep tubing Wellss ( DTWs ) are in operation for irrigation and imbibing H2O supply ( Upadhyay, 2008 ) . Agricultural sector remains the largest user of H2O, with irrigation accounting for 75 % of the consumptive usage ( Myint, 1999 ) . More than 20 % of the irrigated country in Nepal and over 30 % of that in Terai is irrigated by groundwater resources through tube-well systems merely ( CBS 2001 and DoI 2008 ) . Groundwater is an of import beginning of H2O for animate being farming and domestic fowl in hilly and Terai parts and most industries in Terai ( Upadhyay, 2008 ) . Groundwater usage through shallow tubing Wellss ( STWs ) owned by single husbandmans has been an of import beginning of irrigation in the part. However, little and uneven land keeping by most husbandmans has restricted effectual use of groundwater for irrigation through STWs. Strong Nepali traditional wont of corporate irrigation development and private groundwater irrigation development through group owned and managed attack has good possibilities for enlargement of both shallow and deep tubing Wellss ( Myint, 1999 ) . There is high possibility that rural people can highly profit through the development of equal GW irrigation system.

5. 4 Structure of groundwater administration in Nepal

Including Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, Nepal is besides a member of Indo-Gangetic basin. Very few surveies have been carried out on the groundwater resource potency and its development in Nepal. Due to hapless apprehension of the groundwater features, quality and measure, the users, technicians and policy shapers are non able to cover decently with the administration issues associating to groundwater direction schemes, equal policy preparation and execution. The major establishments of Nepal which are involved in the groundwater development and direction for irrigation are the Department of Irrigation ( DOI ) and Agricultural Development of Nepal ( ADB/N ) every bit good as many NGOs, private companies, workshop proprietors, single husbandmans and equipment providers. Although there are many authorities establishments covering with groundwater but none of them have authorization to cover with issues like resource stock list, planning and allotment ( Tuinhof & A ; Nanni, 2004 ) .

Groundwater resource is normally extracted on an single footing with no any establishment to regulate its usage. The groundwater development board which is formed to modulate the groundwater usage does non hold distinguishable mandate. In South Asia, including Nepal the authorities policies encourage the development of groundwater without anticipating the future effects of overuse. The pump irrigation and energy beginnings are extremely subsidized and assorted extension plans are launched to increase the figure of tubing Wellss without any proper planning and consideration of the resource base. Furthermore the organisations are more focussed on advancing resource development, instead than direction ( Bhandari and Shivakoti, 2005 ) . On taking the subsidy by the authorities, the figure of tubing well installing besides reduced because resource-poor husbandmans were unable to to the full use the tubing good capacity. Harmonizing to Bhandari and Shivakoti, ( 2005 ) , this job can be solved through “ groundwater markets” , where tube good proprietors sell H2O to neighbouring husbandmans holding excessively little farms. Harmonizing to the militants, groundwater in Terai is invariably revived by rivers and rain autumn. But it is of import to see that the overuse of groundwater could take to acute H2O crisis as ascertained already in many parts of South Asia. Overexploitation of the groundwater consequences in terrible inauspicious irreversible impacts, such as addition in pumping costs, agricultural output decrease due to droping H2O tabular arraies, land remission, H2O logging, salt H2O invasion in the coastal countries, pollution due to agricultural, industrial and other human activities and other land quality debasements ( Foster et. al. , 2000 ; Bhandari and Shivakoti, 2005 ) .

5. 5. Positive and negative facets of groundwater development

Groundwater resource development is flexible, more dependable, less dearly-won, just, productive and of import tool for poorness relief on the other manus it has some negative facets such as consuming H2O quality and measure due to overuse and limitless usage. Groundwater overuse is chiefly facilitated by energy and capital subsidies, unfastened entree due to limited or non-existent licensing and deficiency of regulative mechanisms. These positive and negative facets of groundwater development and direction are the two countries of argument ( Bhandari and Shivakoti, 2005 ) . Potential development of groundwater in many parts could convey several chances for the hapless while its depletion, taint and overuse would convey a serious warning to all the living existences. Therefore it is really of import to guarantee sustainable use of groundwater in a manner that could run into the demand of all peoples including hapless husbandmans every bit good as there would non be any menace to the environment and people from its development. It is really imperative to implement effectual establishments and policies so as to vouch the just use of groundwater by all people to the extent that groundwater can be recharged sporadically in a sustainable mode.

5. 6 Policies related to groundwater administration

Policy instruments are classified as regulative, economic and voluntary/advisory. These are ideal types of instruments and no policy option relies strictly on one type of instrument ( Stone, 2005 ; Theesfeld, 2008 ) .

  1. Regulatory policy instruments like tubing good listing, ordinances and user right allotment. Top-down attack of groundwater direction and monitoring becomes hard and more expensive in instance of big figure of little groundwater users. Therefore these policy instruments are mandatory.
  2. Economic policy instruments use the pecuniary incentives like revenue enhancement, subsidy, cost of groundwater, and pollution allowance.
  3. Voluntary/advisory policy instruments induce voluntary actions or behavioural alterations through no demand of any fiscal inducements. Corporate action, a specific intercrossed signifier of administration constructions, is of peculiar involvement in pull offing a common-pool resource like groundwater ( Ostrom 1990 ; Theesfeld, 2008 ) . Normally corporate action is assisted by voluntary/advisory policy instruments by showing systematic information, practical experience, and information that convince the participants.

5. 7 Institutional characteristics associating to Groundwater administration

Harmonizing to Theesfeld, ( 2008 ) following policy instruments are related to and important for groundwater administration.

1. Role of voluntary conformity in groundwater administration

Continuous supervising of groundwater users is expensive due to features of the groundwater resource system ‘ s and high figure of H2O users. Therefore, voluntary obeisance is really of import issue, particularly when H2O users break or pay no attending to limitations imposed on them ( Pistor, 2002 ) . While speaking about the groundwater direction in California as an illustration, harmonizing to Blomquist ( 1992, 302 ) , the rate of acquiescence with given regulations was found high as a consequence of a ) development of the groundwater direction docket and regulations by H2O users themselves and b ) appropriate monitoring of the direction plans made the actions of each user transparent among other fellow users in the full user group.

2. Role of traditional patterns in groundwater administration

Most of the clip, the traditional local action execution along with modern scientific direction system and techniques do hold of import function in groundwater administration. For case, in Eritrea, the traditional system of sharing and protection of good H2O is really helpful for locals to conserve H2O throughout drought seasons.

3. Role of disposal in groundwater administration

The clear, sensible and strong institutional agreements harmonizing to the nature of bing aquifer systems do play an of import function for the successful execution of the decentralised H2O resource direction. Ill defined boundaries may impair corporate determination devising by including histrions or communities who are non really stakeholders of the peculiar resource system, or excepting others who have a interest ( Ostrom, 1990 ; Theesfeld, 2008 ) .

4. Role of struggle declaration mechanisms in groundwater administration

The bing armed struggles for aquifer direction in any part demand to be resolved by dialogue procedures. When equaling cultural groups are involved in the aquifer direction, becomes a challenge so appropriate diplomatic negotiations is really of import.

5. Function of Political economic system in groundwater administration

The freshly introduced or restructured statute law is hard to implement due to societal force per unit areas on H2O users and their political familiarities. Particularly in developing states this has negative impact when groundwater resource direction is under the control of rent-seeking stakeholders. Well-organized particular involvements in such instances promote self- functioning policies in the absence of a crystalline governmental and information system which would let other stakeholders to compensate their influence ( Burke et al. 1999, 52 ) .

6. Role of information in groundwater administration

The existent scientific facts, existent informations and information on the groundwater resource and human impact on it, is by and large unsure, undependable or unaccessible. The apprehension of the groundwater system is rather complex and limited due to its nature. Therefore steps to protect this aquifer from urban, industrial and excavation pollution have therefore far been ignored by the local H2O users ( Burke et al. 1999, 48 ; Theesfeld, 2008 ) .

5. 9 Economicss of Groundwater Irrigation in Nepal: Some Farm-Level Evidences

Taken from Bhandari and Pandey, 2006, this portion of the paper scrutinizes the economic sciences and impact of groundwater irrigation on productiveness and income degree of husbandmans. The survey was based on the statistics composed from 324 families. Choice to possess shallow tubing Wellss ( STWs ) for the groundwater irrigation was found to be influenced chiefly by the size of the farm, land retention, entree to recognition and electricity. The groundwater market was found rather advantageous for hapless husbandmans although it was excessively little and monopolistic. There is demand of some equal reforms in the bing policies to guarantee the handiness of groundwater to all including the hapless through investings in rural electrification, recognition strategies, and appropriate groundwater extraction engineerings.

5. 9. 1 Groundwater irrigation for agribusiness

Harmonizing to many surveies and findings, equal irrigation system plays really of import function to heighten agricultural growing. Surface irrigation in Nepal contributes to merely approximately 40 % of the net cultivated land and most of the staying agricultural land is dependent on the rainfall. Groundwater irrigation is possible replacement to the surface irrigation due to low investing demands and better control of groundwater usage in a timely mode. Among assorted machineries for groundwater extraction such as deep tubing Wellss ( DTWs ) , artesian Wellss, STWs, dug Wellss etc ; STWs are the most efficient tools for groundwater extraction in the parts where the H2O tabular array is non excessively deep. Therefore, through different plans, authorities is besides back uping the development of STWs in the Terai belts of Nepal which has high potency to procure groundwater development for irrigation and other utilizations. Merely few surveies have been carried out to understand the economic sciences of groundwater usage and to place restraints that have so far limited the enlargement of groundwater usage in Nepal ( Bhandari, and Pandey, 2006 ) .

5. 9. 2 Logical model of H2O market

When the husbandmans are unable to build the STW due to limited resources or any other jobs, they have possibility to purchase H2O from the adjacent husbandmans who own it. Hence, a husbandman becomes proprietor of a STW. But the proprietor of the STW would wish to sell H2O merely when his H2O demands are wholly met. During drought periods, the proprietors would foremost water his harvests merely after that they would sell the residuary H2O. This makes H2O market as a “ residual market” . The proprietors get higher benefit whereas the buyers are subjected to insecurity and to acquire the undependable H2O supply. However, in a instance survey, both proprietors and groundwater buyers were found benefited from the usage of STWs for irrigation to better cropping strength and overall agricultural production output.

5. 9. 3. Decision on economic sciences of groundwater Irrigation in Nepal

Although Nepal has enormous potency to utilize groundwater irrigation for increasing agricultural production therefore bettering income degree and cut downing rural poorness, unequal irrigation installations and heavy trust on rainfall has remained as chief causes of low agricultural productiveness ( Kayastha, 2001 ) . Such tendency is besides similar in many other South-Asian states like Bangladesh and Pakistan. Regardless of high potency and authorities ‘ s precedence for the groundwater development and its usage for irrigation, groundwater irrigation histories for merely 19 % of the irrigated country ( Bhandari, 1999 and Bhandari and Pandey 2006 ) . There is much more to make for the effectual use of abundant groundwater modesty for bettering irrigation system in Nepal. This survey showed the considerable positive effects of STW irrigation system on input productiveness, overall output and income degree through framing. Water markets that are in their infant phase in Nepal could besides play an of import function to profit the small-holder husbandmans whose farm sizes are excessively little for the ownership of pumps to be cost-effectively operable. ( Beginning: Bhandari and Pandey, 2006 )

6. Decision

Groundwater has been of import beginning H2O for assorted human needs through direct or indirect utilizations. In many parts of the universe such as rural countries in South-Asia, people do wholly trust on groundwater for imbibing and other family intents every bit good as for irrigation. Unlike freely fluxing surface H2O it has alone features that create trouble in appraisal of its quality and measure. As it flows under the land and can non be observed straight, there is really less consciousness among the people about the taint and pollutant conveyance into the groundwater militias. Due to miss of watchfulness and the unequal cognition about the groundwater features, the administration of groundwater direction has become complicated. As a consequence really weak groundwater administration construction is bing in many states. For case in Nepal and other South-Asian states, there is no control over the development of the groundwater, even in the H2O scarce part. As many parts are already facing H2O scarceness due to groundwater table depletion and pollution there is pressing demand to turn to the job of groundwater usage and the administration issues.

However, due to absence of suited engineerings, resource scarceness and hapless administration construction, huge potency of groundwater resource in some topographic points is underutilized. For illustration, the Terai ( field ) belt of Nepal contains an abundant groundwater modesty which has high potency for watering the agricultural land and therefore increasing the productiveness of land. This would assist to elate the populating criterion of rural people and alleviate poorness by increasing their income degree. Many surveies have claimed that H2O denationalization could work out the job of H2O scarceness every bit good as prevent the overuse of the groundwater resource. Study carried out by Bhandari and Pandey, 2006, has mentioned that STWs ownership and H2O markets could work out the job of unavailability of groundwater to small-holder husbandmans as good. As groundwater tabular array depletion has been already observed in many parts of South-Asia, it must be ensured non to work groundwater to the extent that lowers H2O tabular array. Groundwater must be expeditiously utilized in a manner to run into the demand of all people every bit good as prolonging the groundwater tabular array through one-year recharge. This requires farther apprehension of the local groundwater features and strong and efficient policies execution of administration in pull offing groundwater.

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AssignBuster. (2022) 'Water-management flashcard'. 3 October.

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AssignBuster. (2022, October 3). Water-management flashcard. Retrieved from https://assignbuster.com/water-management-flashcard/

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AssignBuster. 2022. "Water-management flashcard." October 3, 2022. https://assignbuster.com/water-management-flashcard/.

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