Fasulo, Chap 4, the American Ambassador 1) Why does the American Ambassador to the UN get a chapter to itself in this bookThe American Ambassador gets a chapter to itself in this book because the U. S.
representative has the highest visibility job at the United Nations. This representative need to resolve many issues like Peace & Security, Stabilizing fragile peace settlements, and prevent regional conflicts from spinning out of control and producing humanitarian disasters, flow of illicit arms, state failure, and lawless areas that can become safe havens for terrorists and drug traffickers. Poverty & Development, Promoting economic development, as well as democracy and responsible governance, is thus an essential pillar to American foreign policy. Human Rights & Democracy, Stabilize weak and failing states, prevent and resolve conflicts, reduce poverty, combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases, help refugees and the internally displaced, feed the hungry, and confront genocide and crimes against humanity.
Nonproliferation & Disarmament, While reducing our nuclear stockpile, we have introduced concrete changes to our national nuclear posture that have reduced our reliance on nuclear weapons. Climate Change, Addressing the challenge of climate change is a top priority for the Obama Administration. At the UN as elsewhere, the world has welcomed a new American commitment to fighting global warming. UN Reform, The United Nations must be strengthened to meet the challenges of the 21st century. 2)? Briefly describe the recent American Ambassadors to the UN (and identify the president each represented): Madeleine Albright, Richard Holbrooke, John Negroponte, John Bolton, Zalmay Khalizad, and Susan Rice.
Ambassador Susan E. Rice, serves as the U. S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations and is a member of President Obamas Cabinet.
She was unanimously confirmed to this position by the U. S. Senate on January 22, 2009. From February 2007 through November 2008, Ambassador Rice served as a Senior Advisor for National Security Affairs on the Obama for America Campaign. She later served on the Advisory Board of the Obama-Biden Transition and as co-chair of its policy working group on national security. From 2002-2009, she was a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution where she focused on U.
S. foreign policy, transnational security threats, weak states, global poverty and development.? From 1997 to 2001, Ambassador Rice was the U. S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs. In this position she formulated and implemented overall U. S. policy for 48 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, including political, economic, security and humanitarian issues.
As Assistant Secretary, she oversaw the management of 43 U. S. Embassies and over 5, 000 U. S. and Foreign Service national employees, with a bureau-operating budget of over $100 million and a program budget of approximately $160 million annually.
In 2000, Ambassador Rice was co-recipient of the White House??™s 2000 Samuel Nelson Drew Memorial Award for distinguished contributions to the formation of peaceful, cooperative relationships between states. Madeleine Korbel Albright, A professor and foreign policy expert, Madeleine Korbel Albright (born 1937) was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1992 to be the U. S.
permanent representative to the United Nations and head of the U. S. delegation to that body. President Clinton was also responsible for her appointment as the Secretary of State in 1997. In filling the sensitive diplomatic post of ambassador to the United Nations (U. N.
), President Clinton turned to a prominent Washington insider with an extensive background in academia together with strong political connections. Rewarding Madeleine Albright for her support of Democratic Party candidates and making her the second woman to serve as chief of mission at the United Nations, he also signaled the weight to be assigned to international frameworks in American foreign policy by making her a member of his cabinet. Madeleine Korbel Albright was born on May 15, 1937, in Prague, the daughter of a Czech diplomat. At the age of 11 she came to the United States, joining her father, Josef Korbel, who was on an official assignment for his country at the U. N. but who then used the opportunity to seek political asylum in the United States for himself and his family. Becoming a naturalized citizen, Albright pursued an academic career, starting with a B. A.
from Wellesley college1959. Pursuing graduate work at Columbia University, she received a masters degree in international affairs (1968), specializing in Soviet studies, and her Ph. D. in 1976. RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE, Ambassador Holbrooke was nominated by President Clinton to be Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs, and he was confirmed by the Senate on August 25, 1994. His most recent position, prior to becoming Assistant Secretary of State, was as U. S.
Ambassador to Germany. Ambassador Holbrooke has had a varied career as a professional diplomat, a magazine editor, an author, a Peace Corps director, and an investment banker. Ambassador Holbrooke began his career in 1962, immediately after graduating from Brown University, as a Foreign Service Officer. After studying Vietnamese, he was sent to Vietnam and, in the following six years served in a variety of posts related to Vietnam — first in the Mekong Delta as a provincial representative for the Agency for International Development (AID), and then as staff assistant to Ambassadors Maxwell Taylor and Henry Cabot Lodge. In 1966 he was re-assigned to the White House, working on the Vietnam staff of President Johnson. In 1967-69, he wrote one volume of the Pentagon Papers, served as a special assistant to Under Secretaries of State Nicholas deb. Katzenbach and Elliot Richardson, and simultaneously served as a member of the American Delegation to the Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam, Headed successively by Averell Harriman and Henry Cabot Lodge. Following these assignments Ambassador Holbrooke spent a year as a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University.
In 1970 he was assigned as Peace Corps Director in Morocco. In 1972, he resigned from the Foreign Service to become Managing Editor of the quarterly magazine Foreign Policy, a position he held until 1976. During 1974-75 he also served as a consultant to the Presidents Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, and was a contributing editor of Newsweek magazine. In 1976 he coordinated National Security Affairs for the Carter-Mondale presidential campaign.
In 1977, President Carter appointed him Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, a post he held until 1981. During his tenure, among other major events, the United States established full diplomatic relations with China. In 1981, he became Vice President of Public Strategies, a consulting firm based in Washington, DC and a consultant to Lehman Brothers, eventually assuming a full-time position as Managing Director at Lehman Brothers.
He also served as a member of the Carnegie Commission on America and a Changing World (chaired by Winston Lord), and chairman and principal author of the bipartisan Commission on Government and Renewal, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation and the Institute for International Economics in 1992. Ambassador Holbrooke is a member of the International Institute of Strategic Studies, the Citizens Committee for New York City, and the Economic Club of New York. Prior to assuming his current post, he was a Director of the Council on Foreign Relations, the America-China Society, the National Committee on U. S.-China Relations, and the International Rescue Committee. He is co-author of “ Counsel to the President,” the memoirs of Clark Clifford, as well as numerous articles and columns on foreign policy.
Ambassador Holbrooke was born on April 24, 1941 in New York. He received a bachelors degree from Brown University. He has two sons. One is a producer at NBC News; the other works in a refugee camp in Thailand. John D.
Negro ponte, Entered U. S. diplomatic service in 1960. His first diplomatic assignment was to the U. S.
embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. From 1971 to 1973, he was the officer-in-charge for Vietnam at the National Security Council (NSC), working under Henry Kissinger. Negroponte eventually rose through the ranks of the diplomatic corps to serve as the Ambassador to Honduras from 1981 to 1985.
He also served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs from 1985 to 1987 and as the Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1987 to 1989. In this position, he worked with Colin Powell. Following that assignment, Negroponte served as the U. S.
Ambassador to Mexico from 1989 to 1993 and then as the Ambassador to the Philippines from 1993 to 1996. Negropontes service in Honduras is controversial due to the allegations that he had a vital role in the U. S.
effort to overthrow the Marxist Sandinista government Honduras neighbor, Nicaragua. From 1997 to his nomination as U. S. Ambassador to the UN, Negroponte was the Executive Vice President for Global Markets for the McGraw-Hill Companies. President Bush appointed Negroponte as the U. S.
Ambassador to the United Nations, a position he held from 2001 to 2004, when the president nominated him as the first U. S. Ambassador to Iraq in the post-Saddam era. On April 19, 2004, President George W. Bush nominated Negroponte to be the U. S. Ambassador to the new Iraqi government after the scheduled June 30, 2004 handover of sovereignty from the Coalition Provisional Authority headed by L.
P Entered U. S. diplomatic service in 1960. His first diplomatic assignment was to the U.
S. embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. From 1971 to 1973, he was the officer-in-charge for Vietnam at the National Security Council (NSC), working under Henry Kissinger. Negroponte eventually rose through the ranks of the diplomatic corps to serve as the Ambassador to Honduras from 1981 to 1985. He also served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs from 1985 to 1987 and as the Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1987 to 1989. In this position, he worked with Colin Powell. Following that assignment, Negroponte served as the U. S.
Ambassador to Mexico from 1989 to 1993 and then as the Ambassador to the Philippines from 1993 to 1996. Negropontes service in Honduras is controversial due to the allegations that he had a vital role in the U. S. effort to overthrow the Marxist Sandinista government Honduras neighbor, Nicaragua. From 1997 to his nomination as U. S.
Ambassador to the UN, Negroponte was the Executive Vice President for Global Markets for the McGraw-Hill Companies. President Bush appointed Negroponte as the U. S. Ambassador to the United Nations, a position he held from 2001 to 2004, when the president nominated him as the first U. S.
Ambassador to Iraq in the post-Saddam era. On April 19, 2004, President George W. Bush nominated Negroponte to be the U. S. Ambassador to the new Iraqi government after the scheduled June 30, 2004 handover of sovereignty from the Coalition Provisional Authority headed by L. Paul Brenner Negroponte served as the U. S.
Ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to March 2005. On February 17, 2005, President Bush nominated Ambassador Negroponte as the first Director of National Intelligence. John Bolton, John Bolton was installed as Americas ambassador to the United Nations by President George Bush 1 August 2005. Bolton earned a law degree from Yale in 1974 and spent seven years at the Washington law firm of Covington & Burling (1974-81) before accepting a post as general counsel for the U. S.
Agency for International Development in 1981, at the beginning of the Ronald Reagan administration. Over the next two decades Bolton worked in a variety of federal posts in the administrations of Reagan and George Bush elder; when Bush the younger took office in 2001, Bolton became Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. In March of 2005, Bush nominated Bolton to replace John Danforth at the United Nations, an organization Bolton had often criticized. The nomination failed to reach a confirmation vote in the Senate, with some senators troubled by reports that Bolton had bullied subordinates and possibly used his position to gather intelligence on perceived rivals in the federal government. Because of the controversy, Bolton became a familiar face in the news, easily recognized by his big, bushy mustache. Congress went into recess late that summer, Bush used a constitutional maneuver called a recess appointment to put Bolton in the job while Congress was away. The appointment was good until the end of the Congressional session in 2006.
Bolton resigned his post in December of 2006. Bolton got his undergraduate degree from Yale in 1970 before also receiving his law degree there in 1974. Zalmay Khalilzad, Dr. Zalmay Khalilzad was confirmed on June 16, 2005 and sworn in on June 22, 2005 as U. S. Ambassador to Iraq. Dr. Khalilzad was U.
S. Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2003 to 2005 and also served as Special Presidential Envoy to Afghanistan. Before becoming Ambassador to Afghanistan, he served at the National Security Council as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Islamic Outreach and Southwest Asia Initiatives, and prior to that as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Southwest Asia, Near East, and North African Affairs.
He also has been a Special Presidential Envoy and Ambassador at Large for the Free Iraqis. Dr. Khalilzad headed the Bush-Cheney transition team for the Department of Defense and has been a Counselor to Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld. Between 1993 and 1999, Dr. Khalilzad was Director of the Strategy, Doctrine and Force Structure program for RANDs Project Air Force. While with RAND, he founded the Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
Between 1991 and 1992, Dr. Khalilzad served as Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning. Then-Secretary of Defense Cheney awarded Dr. Khalilzad the Department of Defense medal for outstanding public service.
Dr. Khalilzad also served as a senior political scientist at RAND and an associate professor at the University of California at San Diego in 1989 and 1991. From 1985 to 1989 at the Department of State, Dr. Khalilzad served as Special Advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs working policy issues, advising on the Iran-Iraq war and the Soviet war in Afghanistan. From 1979 to 1986, Dr. Khalilzad was an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University. Dr. Khalilzad received his bachelors and masters degree from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
He went on to earn a Ph. D. from the University of Chicago. Dr. Khalilzad is the author of more than 200 books, articles, studies, and reports. His work has been translated in many languages including Arabic, Chinese, German, Japanese, and Turkish.? ? Fasulo, Chap 5, the Security Council 1) Why is the UN Security Council the most important body in the UN systemIs the most important because when a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought to the Councils first.
Actions are usually to recommend to the parties to try to reach agreement by peaceful means. In some cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation and mediation. It may appoint special representatives or request the Secretary-General to do so or to use his good offices 2) Describe the basic structure of the Council, including the P5, the E10, the veto, and the ??? sixth veto.??? The Council structure is diversified in many areas has the authority to examine any conflict or dispute that might have international repercussion.
The Security Council has the authority to decide matters affecting the fate of governments, establish peacekeeping missions, create tribunals to try persons accused of war crimes. The security Councils greater activity has reinforced its profile as a factor in global affairs. The Security Council consist of fifteen members Five the permanent five, or P5, they hold their seats by authority of the chapter of China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, and the United States. The permanent five carry their importance as large, powerful nations in part because each holds a trump car in the form of a veto. The E-10 or other ten are elected by the general assembly to two ??“ year terms. The veto a permanent member can abstain from voting if it does not want to take a public stand on a measure the veto is more common when the world was divided into communist and non communist blocs, but recent years it has become rare. Sixth Veto has leverage in the Security Council, not through veto power, but through their voting majority. Takes nine votes to pass a resolution, it is possible for the E-10 to block passage if they vote as block.
This voting leverage is sometimes referred to as the six vetos. 3) Summarize the importance of the U. S. for the UN and of the UN for the U.
S., from p. 43.
The importance of the U. S. for the UN is the world Political Affairs, primary responsibility will be to assist the Political Section on issues arising in the Security Council and the General Assembly. The importance of the UN for the U. S. is needed in order to carry out the plans for a one world government and destroy the sovereignty of all nations. 4) How do the other P5 countries??” Britain, France, Russia and China??” tend to view and play their roles on the CouncilThey view their roles as a leading role in the liberation and the always operate by consensus whit the general assembly.
