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The great metabolic race essay

The Great Metabolic Race Metabolism comprises of a vital set of biochemical reactions that all Miming organisms require to sustain life. For a marathon runner, their physiological response to strenuous exercise depletes both their fats and carbohydrate storage in order to supply energy in the form of Adenosine Troposphere (TAP). TAP is the energy form that the human body uses for biological processes such as movement and synthesis of boundlessness’s.

In regards to running a marathon, the athlete is capable of using a combination of both anaerobic and aerobic pathways, but these different yester predominate at different Intervals In order to Increase the energy allowed for the muscles. At the beginning of the race, the athlete’s body is metabolism’s fats. Fats is the preferred energy source of some tissues including that of the heart, liver and resting skeletal muscle, as glycogen storage is conserved for times of emergencies or fast paced activities, where energy needs to be rapidly supplied.

Fats are also known as lipids and are stored in the athlete’s adipose tissue. This particular storage form is more reduced than carbohydrates, and therefore, can store more energy per unit eight. The lipids used for energy storage within the athlete’s body are in the form of triglycerides. The low glucose level in the blood of the athlete is the factor that contributes to the manipulation of the stored triglycerides, which causes the release of hormones, glaucoma and adrenalin, to stimulate the release of fatty acids In adipose tissues by activating the enzyme terminologically lipase.

This enzyme breaks down the triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, while the serum albumin transports the fatty acids through the bloodstream to deliver them to the argent tissue, and ultimately into the muscle cells where the fatty acids can be oxidized. The process of the oxidation of fatty acids, џ-axolotl will be discussed In depth at the 45-minute mark of the marathon. At the 5-minute interval, the athlete will begin to utilize anaerobic pathways to extract energy. Carbohydrates are predominantly found In the liver and in muscle tissues, which can be extracted and stabilized to provide energy for the individual.

The synthesis TAP derived from carbohydrates is a much more rapid source of energy for the muscles as compared to fats, and when undergoing the glaciology thaw, this prepares the athlete to sprint as soon as the race begins. Consequently, the rapid rate of energy can only sustain the body for short periods of time and therefore, the large stores of fat will gradually be oxidized, and become the predominant energy source for the remainder of the marathon. The anaerobic pathways undertaken during the start of the race are Glycoside followed by lactic acid fermentation, where the starting product of Glycoside is glucose.

Glycoside Is a feedback system that is regulated by the energy status of the body, thus, if there is n accumulation of TAP within the body. Glycoside will be Inhibited. Conversely, by 1 OFF begin with, the glycogen that is stored in the liver will be embroiled to glucose-1- phosphate, catcalled by the debauching enzyme glycogen prophylaxes. However, this glucose-I-phosphate still consist of a, 1-4 linkages which glycogen phosphoresce cannot degrade. As a result, this requires an additional conversion to glucose-6- phosphate, catcalled by the enzyme phosphorescently, which can break the a, 1-6 linkages.

Ultimately, the glucose-6-phosphate can then directly enter the glaciology pathway. The fundamental overview of Glycoside begins with a glucose molecule that has a 6-carbon backbone that splits to produce 2 molecules of private that is a 3- carbon backbone. The entire glaciology pathway occurs in the costly of cells and comprises of 10 reactions, 5 of which are categorized as the preparatory phase and the other 5 reactions grouped as the pay off phase. The preparatory phase is energy consuming and thus, requires TAP to make the reactions possible.

One of the most significant reactions in Glycoside is reaction one which involves the physiotherapist of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. Through the transfer of the hydrolysis of TAP, this supplies energy for the reaction and makes it essentially irreversible, having a negative free energy change, which allows for a spontaneous reaction in cells. Although the preparatory phase is energy consuming and uses up 2 TAP, the pay off phase synthesizes 4 molecules of TAP, with the transfer of e- via 2 hydride ions to 2 molecules of AND+.

Therefore, a net gain of 2 TAP is achieved through the glaciology pathway alone. Following the glaciology pathway, due to the absence of oxygen, as oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to undergo aerobic respiration, the athlete ill instead, undergo lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation involves private that is formed from the glaciology pathway to be reduced to lactate, with the aid of the enzyme, lactate dehydrogenate, while the commence Inactivation Adenine Denunciative (NADIA) is oxidized to AND+.

The product AND+ then re-enters the glaciology pathway in order to produce 2 TAP. This process of lactic acid fermentation produces 2 TAP for each cycle, and thus, rapidly supplies the body with a small amount of energy. However, with the buildup of lactic acid in the body, the athlete ill eventually encounter the feeling of discomfort as this accumulation of lactate causes the body to become sore. Subsequently, at the 45-minute mark, the metabolism of fats begins to dominate again, Just like at the beginning of the race.

Therefore, the athlete’s body will be undergoing the џ-oxidation pathway to produce intermediates of the glaciology pathway and thus, ultimately produce Acetylene-coca, which can enter the CA. However, in order to get the fatty acids to cross the plasma membrane, carnation transporters are required. When the fatty call-coca needs to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, it needs to combine with carnation to form fatty call-carnation in order to use the carnation transporters. This is because the nature of the fatty acids is non-water soluble and requires assistance to transport it into the mitochondrial matrix.

Once the fatty call-carnation reaches the matrix, the molecule is reconverted back to fatty call-Cocoas, ready for p- oxidation. џ-oxidation comprises of 4 reactions which ultimately removes 2 carbons from the carboxylic end of the chain to fatty call-Coca while simultaneously generating Acetylene-coca. Although marred to merely relying on the synthesis of 2 TAP per cycle from Glycoside. The CA occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and comprises of 8 reactions, where the Acetylene-coca enters the CA by initially condensing with collocate to form citrate.

In the following reactions, 2 molecules of CO, and 4 pairs of electrons are removed, whilst generating a molecule of Guanidine troposphere (GET). In the final reaction of CA that involves the oxidation of emulate to collocate, this regenerated collocate can then react with another molecule of Acetylene-coca and hence, recounting the cycle. However, although this reaction is unfavorable, the reaction still occurs nevertheless, as it is driven forward by the low concentration of collocate.

Overall, CA is a major source of NADIA and involves the complete oxidation of Acetylene-coca, where the energy-carrying molecule NADIA can enter the ETC to produce the majority of TAP. Following the CA pathway, the NADIA with the addition of Villain Adenine Denunciative (FAD) enters the ETC. The ETC involves the electron transfer from these cofactors to the flavorings to ubiquitous, through to the Fee-S proteins to the stockrooms, and ultimately reduce oxygen to water. The ETC occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and contains 4 enzyme complexes to catalyst the electron transfers from NADIA or succinctness.

Of the 4 complexes, complex I, Ill and IV are able to pump protons from the matrix to the intermediate space. The movement of these protons generates the proton gradient where the concentration of protons is greater in the intermediate space as compared to the matrix. Therefore, the proton gradient serves as a driving force for the protons to get back into the matrix to establish electronically. When allowing the protons to flow back into the matrix, the TAP syntheses catalysts the physiotherapist of ADAPT to ultimately yield a total of 32 TAP per molecule of glucose.

As an overview of the metabolic pathways involved in the marathon, it is observed that right at the beginning of the race, the athlete will be undergoing p- oxidation, as the glycogen storage is essential for rapid activity at the 5-minute interval. The glaciology pathway followed by anaerobic respiration provides the athlete with a rapid supply of 2 TAP per molecule of glucose, however, a build up of lactic acid may cause discomfort to the muscles of the athlete. At the 45-minute mark, the athlete’s oxidation of fats becomes predominant again, allowing for a yield of 32 TAP.

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