Question2:§ Deluge/FloodsThis is naturally triggereddegradation of environment (e. g. deforestation) leading to extreme rain andfurther promoted by human-caused hazards like obstructed/clogged drainagesystems.
This results in injury, toxic environments, death, infrastructuraldamage and epidemics. Other causes of floods include but are not limited toenvironmental degradation, ineffective drainage and management of sewagesystems. § DroughtIt is a naturally fast orgradual onset marked by extensive periods of little to no rain and water eventuallyleading to famine and poverty. It can be instigated by emissions of green-housegasses into the atmosphere. Sub-Saharan Africa drought is associated with aSouthern Oscillation phenomenon and deforestation. Drought is worsened by soildeprivation, excessive grazing, inadequate conservation approaches amongstother aspects.
§ Severestorms- i. e. tornados, hailstormsThis is climate phenomenadefined by hostile environmental disruption like hailstorms and tornadoes, which are of the greatest aggressive and damaging conditions. Hailstorms form becauseof extreme thunderstorm related convection and tornados result due to forceful rotationalair columns of air.§ Wildlandfire/WildfiresThese are abrupt blazes triggeredby natural interacting courses like ignition, extemporary mixing of coal andpeat and commonly by man. It results in destruction of environment, land devastationand potential famine in the event of drought.
Atmospheric green gases are contaminated, andsoil erosion is triggered by hydrological run-offs.§ Extremeheat/Heat wavesExtended weather period markedby possible humidity and high temperaturesThis can cause powerbreakdowns, ruin transport and water infrastructures, and wildfires in the caseof drought. It also results in deaths due to hyperthermia. People who are ill, overweight and young are mostly at risk. § Tropicalcyclones and hurricanesThese are gradualoccurring aggressive climate conditions as a result of extreme change ofweather, increased sea temperature, marked by dangerous winds and rain showers. This weather can cause death, injury and infrastructural damage.
The severerain can cause floods hence destructing crops, initiate landslides and transmitdiseases.§ DuststormsThese storms areinstigated by wind blasts gathering dust, affecting atmospheric quality andtherefore humans, plants, animals and weather conditions. It can pollute watersources, and cause respiratory infections and complications in humans.§ ExtremecoldThis is an atmospheric conditioncaused by extremely low temperatures forming climates like snow storms, hailstones, snow floods and frost. This can cause road obstruction and physicalenvironmental challenges, as well as injuries and death.§ Fog/smogFog is a warm atmosphericlayer trapping inert cold air and smog is a combination of fog and contaminatedair (e.
g. industrial smoke). These weather conditions can cause a lethalatmospheric overlay leading to respiratory suffocation, infections and death. Question3: a) Increasedpopulation growth and urbanization- Is increasing at this rate and thusdeveloping countries are the most at risk to the impacts of a disaster.
Politicalfactors- Political will and commitment to developing concerns. Socio-economicelements which include aspects such as access to quality education, employment opportunities. availability of and access to resources, access to infrastructure, basicservices and information. Governmentfinancial and resource assistance inadequateNolegislation or implementation. Disasterrisk management and preparedness is inadequate. Economicfactors- Poverty increasingly compel people to stay in endangered areas and becauseof this the environment becomes degraded due to deforestation. Socioculturalfactors- Poor education and insufficient knowledge prevent people to respond ina changing environment.
Peoplebelief that natural disasters are willed by God and are therefore inevitable. Environmentalfactors- deforestation, cutting down of trees could lead to flooding and thusdrought lasts a long time. Conflict-between people is regarded as a hazard that can cause disasters on a largescale and thus by displacement. People contest over limited resources, religionand conceptual differences. Topographicalplaces- Island countries are underprivileged and have restricted access toeducation, health and finances.
b) § Betterquality access to services§ Advanceopportunities§ Information§ Training§ Awareness§ EnforcingGovernment laws and regulations§ Earlycautioning§ Preventativeand mitigating methods§ Preparation§ Reactionability Question 4: a) Disastermanagement is a recurring system where the end of one stage is the start of thenext stage. Disaster management is an ongoing and combined process of planningand implementation of measures aimed at: Ø Decreasingand avoiding the risk of disasters Ø Mitigatingthe severity or consequences of disastersØ EmergencypreparationØ ResponseØ Rehabilitation Mitigation- To avoid hazards fromdeveloping into disasters or to minimize the effects of a disaster when theyoccur, these measures can be structural or non-structural. Emergency preparation- This phase is anongoing cycle of development, establishing, training, exercising evaluation andimproving activities, aimed to: Ø AccomplishØ EffectiveorganizationØ EnhancecapabilitiesØ Strengthenthe technical and managerial ability of governments, organisations andcommunities. b) § Data, training and communication tools§ Constructingcodes that include project standards, material requirements, building certificationprocesses and inspection licenses.§ Regulationsthat include settlement development and land use forecasting§ Fundingpreparation § Amenitiessuch as hospitals, electricity supply systems§ Projectand building procedures for non-engineered erections§ Primarywarning systems§ Ecosystemcontrol§ Training§ Strategicplanning