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Summary, 2 pages (400 words)

Put reading first (summary pages)

phonemic awareness isthe ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds–phonemes–in spoken wordsphonemic awareness is important becauseit improves word reading, reading comprehension, and spellingphonemic awareness can be developed through a number of activities, including asking children toidentify phonemes, categorize phonemes, blend phonemes into words, segment words into phonemes, delete or add phonemes, and substitute phonemesphonemic awareness instruction is most effectivewhen children are taught to manipulate phonemes by using the letters of the alphabet and when instruction focuses on one or two types of phoneme manipulation at a timephonics instructionhelps children learn the relationships between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken languagephonics instruction is important becauseit leads to an understanding of the alphabetic principle which is the systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken soundsalphabetic principlethe systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken soundsprograms of phonics instruction are effective when they aresystematic and explicitsystematic phonics instructionis a plan of instruction that includes a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a logical sequenceexplicit phonics instructionare programs that provide teachers with precise directions for the teaching of these relationshipseffective phonics programs providelots of opportunities for children to apply what they are learning about letters and sounds to the reading of words, sentences, and storiessystematic and explicit phonics instructionimproves word recognition, spelling, and reading comprehension, and is most effective when it begins in kindergarten or first gradefluency isthe ability to read a text accurately and quicklyfluency is important becauseit frees students to understand what they readreading fluency can be developedby modeling fluent reading and by having students engage in repeated oral readingmonitoring student progress in reading fluencygood for evaluating instruction and setting instructional goals and can be motivating to studentsvocabulary refers tothe words we must know to communicate effectivelyoral vocabularywords that we use in speaking or recognize in listeningreading vocabularywords we recognize or use in printvocabulary is important becausebeginning readers use their oral vocabulary to make sense of what they read and readers must know the meaning of words before they can understand what they have readvocabulary can be developedindirectly and directlyindirectlywhen students engage daily in speaking, listening to adults read, and reading on their owndirectlywhen students are explicitly taught both individual words and word learning strategiestext comprehension is important becausecomprehension is the reason for readingtext comprehension ispurposeful and activetext comprehension can be developedby teaching comprehension strategiestext comprehension strategies can be taughtthrough explicit instruction, cooperative learning, and having readers use strategies flexibly and in combination ONPUT READING FIRST (SUMMARY PAGES) SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder Now

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