Psychology modules for active learning modules 34-36

Encoding FailureFailure to store sufficient information to form a useful memoryHerman EbbinghausTested his own memory at different intervals of learning by using nonsense syllables. He plotted a forgetting curve (forgetting is rapid at first and is followed by a slow decline ONPSYCHOLOGY MODULES FOR ACTIVE LEARNING MODULES 34-36 SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowMemory TracesPhysical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are storedMemory DecayThe fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weakerDisuseTheory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrievedRetrieval CuesStimuli associated with a memory. Retrieval cues usually enhance memoryState-dependent LearningMemory influenced by one’s physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. Improved memory occurs when the physical states matchInterferenceThe tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of older memories, and the reverseRetroactive InterferenceThe tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memoriesProactive InterferenceThe tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memoriesPositive TransferMastery of one task aids in the learning or performing of anotherNegative TransferMastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing anotherRepressionUnconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awarenessSuppressionAn active conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it form awarenessRetrograde AmnesiaLoss of memory for events that preceded a head injury or amnesia-causing eventAnterograde AmnesiaLoss of the ability to form or retrieve memories for events that occur after an injury or traumaConsolidationProcess by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brainHippocampusA brain structure associated with emotion and the transfer of information from the short-term memory to long-term memoryFlashbulb MemoryEspecially vivid memory created at a time of high emotion. Have the tendency to not always be accurateStressful situations activate what system? The limbic system. Heightened activity in the limbic system intensifies memory consolidationMemories are stored in these two parts of the brain: The basal ganglia and the cerebellumAn AplysiaThe sea animal that allows scientists to study memory as it occurs in single nerve cellsEdectic ImageryThe ability to retain a ” projected” mental image long enough to use it as a source of information (they are seen on a plain surface and are more common in children)Mental imagesMental pictures or visual depictions used in memoryExceptional MemorizersHave naturally superior memory often using mental images, they don’t have superior intellectual abilities, they have specialized interests and knowledge that make it easier to encode and recall certain informationMnemonicsAny kind of memory system or aidThe ability to __________________________________________________________ underlies expertise in many fieldsorganize memories into chunksSpaced Practicea practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief restsMassed PracticeA practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruptionKeyword MethodUsing a familiar word or image to link two items