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Psych101: chapter 4 learning

Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are calledmaturation.

Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive? Albert Bandura

What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of? involuntary and voluntary

_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior. Observational learning

Which of the following is one of Bandura’s elements of observational learning? memory

Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs’digestive systems.

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known assuccessive approximations.

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov’s dogs were conditioned to salivate when theyheard the sound of the metronome.

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is calledlatent learning.

It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association withobtaining food.

_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning). Extinction

The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is likely tobe repeated.

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn’t receive reinforcement for solving the maze hadlearned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map.

In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/anunconditioned stimulus.

Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result ofbiological preparedness.

In Seligman’s study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tonejumped over the fence when the shock started.

Further studies that followed Köhler’s work with chimpanzeeshave found support for the concept of animal insight.

The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involvesthe mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur.

In Köhler’s experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together. This was an example ofinsight.

A teacher has decided to give ‘ caught being good’ tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is usingoperant conditioning.

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She’s older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example ofconditioned emotional response.

After a childhood filled with cavities, Kyle has an active dislike of the dentist’s drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termedstimulus generalization.

Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon’s parents are using what technique to modify his behavior? punishment by removal

In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who saw a model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Which of the following statements is true about the other children, who saw the model get punished rather than rewarded? They did not beat up the doll until offered a reward to demonstrate what the model had done.

For classical conditioning to be successful, the CS mustcome before the UCS.

Operant conditioning is dependent onvoluntary behavior.

Köhler determined that insightcannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.

The neutral stimulus must be paired with the unconditioned stimulus _______ in order to result in successful conditioning. several times

“ Little Albert” acquired a conditioned emotional response to the rat when its presentation was coupled witha loud noise.

Observational learning cannot take place if the learner does not firstpay attention to what is happening.

In operant conditioning, _______ is the key to learning. reinforcement

Experiments have shown that laboratory rats will experience conditioned taste aversion for a food they swallow _____ before becoming nauseated. up to 6 hours

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it ispartially reinforced

_______ is an example of punishment by removal. Grounding a teenager

Three-year-old Ellie sees her big brother go across the monkey bars. Ellie tries to do the monkey bars but her arms are not strong enough to hang or long enough to reach the next bar. According to Bandura, Ellie is lacking which element of observational learning? imitation

Which of the following is an example of maturation? One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago but now he can.

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement? a child who had previously been whining to a parent that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy

A recent study suggests a link between spanking andaggression in children.

The learning/performance distinction is a kind oflatent learning.

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior? Martin Seligman

The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______, and ______. imitation; desire

________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov

One of B. F. Skinner’s famous experiments involvedteaching rats to learn how to obtain food.

In defining learning, _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they’ve learned, and that change remains even if the behavior doesn’t. relatively permanent

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time. Pavlov

In order to increase reading among her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is usinga token economy.

In Tolman’s study on rats, the second group, who did not get reinforced with food until the tenth day, thenbegan to solve the maze immediately.

Aggression in children is ________ violence on TV. positively correlated with

The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated bythe aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura’s study.

In order to be effective, a secondary reinforcer must be paired with aprimary reinforcer.

Punishment is more difficult than reinforcement becauseit is difficult to get rid of a well-established response.

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example ofstimulus generalization.

Russian physiologist Pavlov spent his career studyingclassical conditioning.

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example ofvicarious conditioning.

One of the first psychologists to conduct studies in an attempt to explain human behavior wasJohn Watson.

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian _____ who spent his life studying classical conditioning. physiologist

The mental events that take place inside a person’s mind while behaving are known ascognition

In Seligman’s study, dogs that had been harnessed and had learned there was nothing they could do to escape a shockwould not attempt to escape when escape was possible.

In Tolman’s study of rats learning to run mazes, one group received rewards each time they exited the maze. Another group received no reinforcement at all. The other group received reinforcementafter the tenth day.

Tolman concluded that the rats who received reinforcement after the tenth day of the study had stored information about the maze asa cognitive map.

In toilet training a cat, “ Lid Up, Seat Down” is known in operant conditioning aspreparing the training arena.

Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura’s findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends willimitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV.

The fact that learning can take place without the actual performance of the behavior is calledlearning/performance distinction.

A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step ofimitation

Infants and animals can be easily reinforced usingprimaryreinforcers

In a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement, the number of required responses changes often.

In operant conditioning, responses are _______, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are _______. voluntary; involuntary

Secondary reinforcers get their reinforcing power from the process ofclassical conditioning.

Severe punishments such as hittingprovide a successful model for aggression.

Most of the time, punishmentwill only temporarily suppress a behavior.

Research suggests that once people learn something, it is always present somewhere in memory.

In Pavlov’s studies, the salivation of dogs in response to food in their mouths is theunconditioned response.

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) But what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends onwhether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS.

An unconditioned stimulus is always followed by a(n)unconditioned response.

An infant crawling is an example ofmaturation.

Tolman and Köhler wereGestalt psychologists.

Köhler believed that Sultan the chimp had solved the problem of reaching the bananaby having a sudden perception of relationships.

_________ is more resistant to extinction than _______. Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

The Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption thatall responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus.

In the “ puzzle box” experiment, how did the cat first come to push the lever to get out of the box? through trial and error

Time-out is a form ofpunishment by removal.

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must firstpay attention.

The term “ extinction” may be misleading because: learning is relatively permanent, meaning things are not “ unlearned”

What is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another personVicarious conditioning

In order to increase reading among the students in her class, Mrs. Gomez, a 2nd grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using: a token economy

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov’s dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of: spontaneous recovery

This scientist conducted research to establish the theory known as cognitive perspectiveRobert Rescorla

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