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Psych 136: final, ch. 10

What people thought of observational learning in Thorndike’s timeCommon knowledge that animals learned by observing other animalsResuts of Thorndike’s study on observational learningNo difference between observing and non-observing cats in solving a puzzle box ONPSYCH 136: FINAL, CH. 10 SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder NowWarden, 1930sDemonstrated that monkeys learn by observing conspecificsBandura et al, 1960sDemonstrated that humans learn by observing; Used modeling to treat behavior disordersObservational learning is also known asVicarious learningObservational learningA change in behavior due to the experience of observing a modelVicarious reinforcementAn observer looks on as a model’s behavior produces reinforcementVicarious punishmentAn observer looks on as a model’s behavior is punishedResults of Warden’s 1935 study on observational learning with monkeys47% of all solutions occurred within 10 seconds, 75% within 30 seconds; Observers solved problem faster than non-observing monkeysResults of Herbert & Harsh’ 1944 study on observer catsObservers outperformed the models, and 30-trial observers outperformed 15-trial observersResults of Presley & Riopelle’s 1959 study on observational avoidance learning with monkeysA light preceded electric shock by four seconds, and the monkey had to jump to escape shock; Observer reached criterion in fewer trials than model did after watching 28 successful avoidance trialsRosekrans & Hartup’s 1967 study on effects of reinforcement and punishment of a model’s behaviorChildren who observed aggressive behavior reinforced played more aggressivelyImitation of a model ___ necessarily imply that observational learning has occurreddoes not___ to imitate a model does not necessarily mean learning has not occurredFailureGeneralized imitationThe tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when imitation of the behavior is not reinforcedGeneralization imitation is the product ofLearning and direct reinforcement, taught through multiple exemplar trainingConsequences of the model’s behaviorConsistent reinforcement or punishment of a Bx gets better results than inconsistent consequencesConsequences of the observer’s behaviorIf a given behavior produces one kind of consequence for a model and a very different kind of consequence for an observer, the latter consequence will win outCharacteristics of the modelObservers tend to learn more from models who are competent, attractive, likeable, prestigiousObserver’s ageYounger children learn less from observing than older children, and older children usually learn less than adultsObserver’s learning historyThe ability to learn from a model may also depend on learning experiences prior to viewing a modelOther variables affecting observational learningEmotional state of the learner and complexity of the task being modeled

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