Contents
- Glossary
Wildlife and environment is an built-in portion of life. Protection of Wildlife and Environment has been present from the pre-colonial and the colonial times. During the third century, Asoka, male monarch of Magadha, passed a jurisprudence for the protection of wildlife and environment. During colonial times, the British enacted India ‘ s first codified jurisprudence Wild Birds Protection Act, 1887 and the Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912. The parliament passed statute law on 9th September, 1972 and is known as Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This act was enacted under the Article 252. This is an Act “ to supply for the protection of wild animate beings, birds and workss ] and for affairs connected therewith or accessory or incidental thereto. ” Wildlife is defined in the act under subdivision 2 ( 37 ) .
The wildlife was under the province list harmonizing to the fundamental law but by the 42nd amendment it was transferred to the coincident list in 1976. By 1991 the act was applicable to whole of India ( except Jammu and Kashmir ) . This has helped the cardinal authorities to increase its function in developing the national wildlife policy. This act provides protection of wildlife and saving of the environment regardless of its location. The protection is based on two attacks – species attack and the ecosystem attack. The National Wildlife Board was legislated in the 2002 amendment.
Environmental protection is every citizen ‘ s right harmonizing to Article 51A ( g ) . The protection of woods, wildlife animate beings and birds where shifted from the province list to coincident list. These were entries 17 A and 17 B severally.
PROTECTED AREAS
Introduction
Certain countries are protected for the preservation of wildlife. These countries are known as Protected Areas. Protected countries are designated based on their degree of protection and the Torahs adhering the state. These countries are protected based on the environmental and cultural values.
Harmonizing to IUCN, a protected country is, “ A clearly defined geographical infinite, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effectual agencies, to accomplish the long-run preservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. ” Marine protected countries besides are included in the list of protected countries.
Under the WLPA, the province authorities can declare an country of flower or equal ‘ ecological, faunal, flowered, structural, natural or zoological significance ‘ a sanctuary or a national park. Public entry is banned in a protected country and the devastation of the home ground along with its wildlife is prohibited and can ensue in serious effects.
Protected countries are necessary for preservation of biodiversity and besides the saving of the bing environment. These countries help in equilibrating ecological rhythms and other procedures in the environment. This consequences in protection of water partings, dirts and protects worlds from natural catastrophes.
Many of these countries are critical for the endurance for autochthonal or local people whose life depends on the sustainable usage of resources of that country. They serve as anchor for the local communities. These countries are a physical gateway to feverish work agenda and aid achieve unagitated and peace. Certain protected countries are of import for research and instruction and besides use to sustainable land usage. The most of import facet of these countries is the touristry, which contributes to the economic system.
The importance and the significance of protected countries are realized in the Convention of Biodiversity ( CBD ) ( Article 8 ) . Recently protected countries are confronting menaces because of clime alteration and pollution. One of the chief grounds that have lead to the debasement of these countries is deficiency of political support and unequal funding. The lone organic structure that has been actively involved in the protection of these countries is the WCPA.
IUCN PROTECTED AREAS MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES
WCU, founded in 1948 is one of the 6 committees of IUCN. There are certain guidelines that offer aid in sorting the protected countries direction classs. The original purpose was to supply an apprehension of protected countries both within and outside the state.
It has categorized certain parts as protected based on the direction aim and has classified protected countries into 8 distinguishable classs:
a. Rigorous Nature Reserve – scientific usage
b. Wilderness Area – wilderness protection
National Parks – ecosystem protection and diversion
Natural Monument – preservation of specific natural characteristics
Habitat/species Management – maintained for preservation through direction intercession
Protected Landscape/Seascape – landscape/seascape protection and diversion
Managed Resource Protected Area – sustainable usage of natural ecosystem
Harmonizing to the IUCN study, 30, 000 protected countries around the universe covers 13, 250, 000 sq. km by 2000. Barely 1 % of universe ‘ s seas are protected.
PROTECTED AREAS IN INDIA
The protected countries in India screen 156, 700sq. km which implies that about 4. 95 % of the entire surface country. It has been estimated that there are about 5000 small towns in protected countries ( Shyam Divan and Armin Rosencranz, 2001 ) . In India protected countries have been present from 1935. India has the undermentioned as protected countries based on the IUCN categorization:
National Parks
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Biosphere Militias
Conservation Reserve and Community Reserve
Village Forests and Panchayat
Private Protected Areas
Tiger Militias
The state ‘ s wilderness has been under menace due to rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. The figure of protected countries has increased over the old ages. In 1988 there were 54 national Parkss and 372 sanctuaries covering approximately 3. 34 % of the state ‘ s geographical country. In 2002, India has a sum of 578 wildlife protected countries which accounts to about 4. 70 % of the state ‘ s geographical country ( wildlife institute of India ) .
The WII has recommended the authorities to increase the figure of wildlife protected countries to 870 which includes 163 national Parkss and 707 wildlife sanctuaries and the approximative geographical country used will to approximately 5. 74 % ( Rodgers, Panwar and Mathur, WII ) ( fig. 1 ) . Certain countries in India have really high per centum of protected countries. This is due to the conditions that are available for declaration of a protected country. ( Table 1 and Table 2 ) .
NATIONAL PARKS
A National park is a modesty of natural lands that is declared by authorities. It is declared and created for diversion intents and protection and saving of nature. National Parkss are declared under class II type of protected countries by IUCN. There are 7000 national Parkss worldwide. The largest national park in the universe is the Northeast Greenland National Park. National Parkss are declared under subdivision 35, 38 ( 2 ) and 66 ( 3 ) . For an country to be declared as a national park it has to undergo a series of phases:
Purpose presentment
Determination of rights
Announcement presentment
Inquiry
Acquisition of rights
Concluding presentment
The above process need non be followed if the rights of the land have extinguished and if the land is under the province authorities. India ‘ s first national park was Hailey National Park, subsequently renamed as Jim Corbett National Park. This park was established in 1935. There are 96 national Parkss as of April 2007 in India. National Parkss hold a higher authorization and a high grade of protection than sanctuaries. The regulations and ordinances that bind national Parkss are stricter. A national park can be set up within or around a sanctuary.
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
Wildlife sanctuaries are countries declared for the protection and Restoration of wildlife ( endangered species ) . It is created through authorities ordinances. A sanctuary is really set up by the cardinal authorities under the subdivision 38. Merely when the province authorities passes power of authorization to the cardinal authorities can a sanctuary be set up. A sanctuary can non be created within an bing sanctuary. These countries are declared under Section 26A, 38 ( 1 ) and 66 ( 3 ) . There are certain conditions that are required for puting up a sanctuary ( subdivision 18 ) . These come under IUCN class IV. The chief aim is to keep and conserve species in a home ground.
There are about 489 wildlife sanctuaries covering 3. 56 % geographical country in India. By the statute law passed by the 2002 amendment the building of Lodges, safari trips, hotels need blessing of National Board. The process is same as that of declaring a national park. The control of these sanctuaries is under the Chief Wildlife Warden ( subdivision 33 ) . In India, there are about 28 tiger militias out of the entire wildlife sanctuaries. These militias are chiefly for the protection and the preservation of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Therefore these militias are species specific. Certain sanctuaries are named entirely as bird sanctuaries, E. g. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu. There are certain limitations after a land or country has been notified and declared as WS ( Sections 27, 29, 30, 31, and 32 ) .
BIOSPHERE RESERVES
These militias were established by UNSECO in 1973-74 under the Man and Biosphere programme ( MAB ) . This programme purposes at conveying the balance between usage and preservation of resources. It chief nonsubjective is in research and scientific mentality in the nowadays ‘ s universe. In India, there are over 14 Biosphere Reserves as of 25th October, 2007 ( Table 3 ) . Biosphere militias are natural landscapes that extend over big countries. They can be tellurian or Marine or combination of both. These militias are perfect paradigm for showcasing the bing harmoniousness between adult male and nature. The militias help in preservation of the home ground along with the species and besides aid in the economic development. These biosphere militias really have alone characteristics nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides are in really good status. They come under Category V of IUCN categorization.
In India, a National Biosphere Reserve Programme was established in 1986. The chief standards for declaring a biosphere modesty is that the country should incorporate rare and endangered species of vegetations and zoologies. It should be an country that is protected and is a bio geographical unit that is extended. These ecosystems really are similar alternate research theoretical accounts that provide educational information. A biosphere modesty has a superimposed construction that contains 3 of import zones:
Core zone
Buffer zone
Passage zone
The nucleus zone really consists of the mark species that need to be protected and conserved. This zone is lawfully protected from human intervention. The Buffer zone is a in-between zone that is adjoined to both the nucleus and passage zone. In this zone certain activities like diversion, instruction, touristry and the Restoration of country. In this country, if human activities are natural so these activities are allowed. These activities are merely allowed if they cause minimum harm to the environment. The Transition zone is the outermost zone. In this zone all activities along with preservation and disposal are carried out in harmoniousness. This zone has no bounds on human activities. In this zone there is immense economic gross that is derived from touristry and direction patterns.
The biosphere militias are established under the legal models that have been legislated under WPA, 1972. In the procedure of declaring an country as biosphere reserve the cardinal every bit good as the province authorities have functions and duties to be carried out. The fiscal support is provided by the cardinal authorities whereas the direction and disposal is the responsibility of the province authorities. The Indian National Man and Biosphere commission really is constituted by cardinal authorities and finds new sites, commissions, policies, programmes and other activities for the improvement of the modesty. The ministry proposed certain countries for acquiring approved into the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, in November 2001, the International Coordinating Council ( ICC ) of Man and Biosphere programme of UNESCO designated and approved of Sunderbans ( West Bengal ) and the Gulf of Mannar ( Tamil Nadu ) into the universe web. The Nilgiri was already included in 2000.
Execution OF THE PROVISIONS PROVIDED BY WLPA, 1972
The CEL – WWF India was launched in 1993. This organisation took active legal actions in the state. They have fought legal actions for the protection and preservation of wildlife and environment. They came into head chiefly because of the Bhitarkanika instance, Narayan Sarovar instance, and intercession in Delhi ridge. Through research and probe it came to visible radiation that the commissariats of the WLPA, 1972 were non being implemented. CEL – WWF filed a civil writ request in May, 1995 in SC for protection and development of protected countries along with the wildlife. The SC accepted the request and issued notices to every State Government and the Union of India on February, 1997.
During the class of the instance hearing the SC has passed several disdain notices to the province and brotherhood functionaries to transport out their responsibilities with honor and adhere to the orders of the tribunal. In March, 1997 the Indian board of wildlife ( IBWL ) was ordered to subject a drumhead and study on the predicament of the protected countries in India and its advancement after the SC had passed the orders for rigorous surveillance. The provinces were requested to subject a study on its activities and the stairss they had taken for the improvement of these protected countries. The SC besides noticed that some provinces had WW while some did n’t. Those provinces who had appointed a WW were merely for certain countries.
In response to the SC, the MoEF responded that the meeting of the Previous IBWL have non attended a meeting for the last eight old ages. This showed laxness at the national degree and the action of the highest authorization. This board was reconstituted in 1996 and appointed the Prime Minister as the Chairman. At the province level the provinces had non been adhering to the tribunal orders and were non watchful plenty to register their answers. Even though it was laxness at the province degree and the SC extended the deadline of the entry of the study and granted them another two months to register their replies. Finally, the SC accepted that all the States and Unions of India had constituted their wildlife consultative boards and confirmed the organic structure. This was done in January, 1998.
One of the chief issues sing execution was about the bing tiger population in India. The tribunal ordered to convey to detect about the population of these cats. By a study submitted by the MoEF stated that the population of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams had non declined since 1973. But the overall diminution of population was due to the atomization of tiger home grounds.
DE – Reservation OF PROTECTED AREAS
Some sanctuaries face a menace of being de – reserved by the province actions. The shield provided by the WLPA, 1972 can be removed by the province wildlife consultative board ( province board ) in instance it ‘ s non necessary. But the order passed by the SC directed the province authoritiess to go through on a proposal of denotification or de – reserve of an country to the NBWL for its sentiment and base on balls it on to the Legislative Assembly. Harmonizing to the 2002 amendment of WLPA the NBWL has the power to change PAs over the legislative assembly. Certain instances have already happened like, 1994 the Boriavli National Park was trimmed so that the slum people who resided near the national park would non be evicted. But in instance of tiger modesty, it can non be de – notified by a province board. But a tiger modesty can be de – reserved if it has the blessing of the TCA and the National Board for Wildlife. The Forest Conservation Act, 1970 ( FCA ) really restricts the authorization of the province to de-reserve forest countries. Harmonizing to the SC order dated 13. 11. 2000 the province requires anterior permission for the recreation or de-reservation of forest land in national Parkss.
State LEVEL RESPONSES ON PROTECTED AREAS – Tamil NADU
In Tamil Nadu the province board was constituted on 14. 09. 1995 and once more reconstituted on 24. 02. 1997. The province appointed 10 WW to look after the execution of the WLPA. Tamil Nadu was one the few provinces that really interpreted the Supreme Court orders right. The province of Tamil Nadu besides informed the Supreme Court that there are 6 WW and a Deputy Director for the Project Tiger. A territory officer has besides been appointed to look after the execution of the WLPA decently in assorted national Parkss and wildlife sanctuaries. The Honorary Wildlife Warden ( HWW ) is appointed for the National Parkss and the Sanctuaries. They are appointed for term of office of 3 old ages. If the individual appointed wants to vacate before the period is completed so a notice of 3 months has to be given anterior to surrender or cancellation of assignment. Many of the protected countries have been notified under the subdivision 16 of the Tamil Nadu Forest act, 1882 and with mention to reserved forest the countries that were proclaimed and notified under the Tamil Nadu forest act, 1882 will bask a position equivalent to those that have been notified under the subdivision 26A or 21, WLPA, 1972. Certain sanctuaries and national park come under the non – reserved forest countries. These countries are proclaimed under the subdivision 21 of WLPA.
An order dated 20. 03. 1998 stated the immunisation of all wildlife in NPs/WSs in every province. The province manager of animate being farming was given the authorization to transport out the instructions at the territory degree. The District Forest Officers were instructed the inoculation of all wildlife in the 5 kilometer radius of Protected Areas. Another order dated 20. 03. 1998 stated the enrollment of weaponries and issue of licenses. The State Director General of Police was instructed to follow with the order. The wildlife protection ( Tamil Nadu ) Rules, 1975 was framed. The Rule 33 is about the enrollment of weaponries in the locality of NPs/WSs. The DGPs and CWLWs are requested to take action in instance of non – conformity.
Tamil Nadu has in entire 5 NP and 8 WS, 12 BS, 4 Elephant militias, 3 Tiger Reserves and 3 Biosphere Reserves ( Table 3 ) which are under the UNESCO ‘ s MAB programme. Almost one – sixth of Tamil Nadu is covered with wood. The province ranks in the 11th place in mention to entire forest screen among the Indian provinces and Union Territories and ranks 13th place in mention to number recorded wood screen. Tamil Nadu ranks 14th place with mention to protected countries.
The diverseness of vegetations and zoologies are a blessing to the province and demand to be conserved and managed with great attention since the extent of diverseness is beyond our imaginativeness. Forests and wilderness of the province really defines the province. Harmonizing to the 2008 nose count, tiger population increased in the province of Tamil Nadu. This was achieved due to rigorous and compulsory steps passed by the province board. For the development, preservation and disposal activities the province has sanctioned and invested a immense amount of money which has proved to be successful to an extent.
THE SARISKA CASE: TARUN BHARATH SANGH, ALWAR Vs UNION OF INDIA
Tarun Bharath Sangh is a non – governmental organisation ( NGO ) whose concern was about the rural development of Rajasthan. The chief issue of concern was the handiness of H2O resource. Illegal excavation activities were being carried out in Alwar territory of Rajasthant taht resulted in deficit of H2O. The organisation launched the Sariska Case. The country that was under examination is now what is known as the Sariska Tiger Sanctuary. This Tiger Sanctuary is a species specific Protected Area and comes under the Tiger Reserves class and it is an sole hunting country for the Rulers of the Quondam, Alwar province.
This NGO approached tribunal petitioning that the illegal excavation activity that was traveling on in the Alwar territory of Rajasthan needs to discontinue in the involvement of environment and nature to prolong. They pointed out that the excavation is being carried out in a protected country that has been declared by the authorities. The country is declared as a tiger modesty under Rajasthan Wild Animal and Birds Protection Act, 1951. This country is besides declared as a WS and NP under WLPA, 1972. Under these Acts of the Apostless such activities in WS or NP or a tiger modesty is prohibited and can ensue in dire effects. The permission of the authorities for such activities really contradicted these statute laws.
The suppliant ‘ s side of statement was that mining permission rental was non granted to the company. For such an activity to be carried out they have to get anterior permission from the Government of India – subdivision 2 FCA, 1980 and regulation 4 ( 6 ) of Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Rules. They stated that no permission was obtained and the authorities illicitly issued 400 excavation permission rentals. This has caused debasement of ecology and desolation of the environment. In this instance, the tribunal was called upon to guarantee that the Torahs for the protection of the environment were enacted on.
The province on its behalf countered that the grant of these excavation activities where due to some confusion sing the difference between NP and reserved woods and were confused sing the exact location of mining countries. But the province was low plenty to hold that the mines were in the protected countries and realised that appropriate action should be taken so that the commissariats of the legislative acts are enforced. The sarcasm is that the province of Rajasthan while proclaiming that they protect the environment really is portion of a immense cozenage and allows the debasement of the environment.
The cardinal authorities stated that the FCA commissariats extend to reserved, protected woods and all the countries that have been recorded as woods in the authorities records. They besides submitted that no excavation should be allowed to take topographic point without the anterior permission from the cardinal authorities. The cardinal authorities passed a presentment on 7 May, 1997 under subdivision 3 of EPA. This presentment prohibited the excavation in the Sariska NP, Sariska WS and other countries that were protected. Harmonizing to the Rule 4 ( 6 ) of the Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1982, no excavation rental can be granted within a wood without traveling through the regulations and commissariats provided by the FCA, 1980. The chair adult male of commission Shri. Justice M. L. Jain recommended 215 mines mentioned in appendix Angstrom that are placed entirely in protected countries are closed. The intent of FCA and EPA are wholly different. In the sense that the closing of the mines that were situated in the protected woods may non profit for the environmental intent but will certainly profit the forest intent.
The cardinal authorities stated that no permission was acquired for the mines that were in the protected woods. The tribunal after the concluding hearing ordered and issued notice to the listed mines to halt their activities instantly. But the mines outside the tiger modesty were allowed to go on their activity for 4 months within which they could near the cardinal authorities with an application to go on their operation. If permitted they are allowed to go on their excavation activities with no hinderance. If no permission is obtained so they will hold to discontinue their excavation operations instantly. Some mineworkers who felt that they were wronged filed a reappraisal application and the SC rejected the application on 7 May, 1994. This instance is a perfect illustration of Industry Vs Protected Areas.
Decision
Nature can non be compared in footings of beauty. There is nil that surpasses her. The presence of nature along with her kids playing about unworried and non worried about the hereafter was what God pictured when he foremost created Earth. But unluckily, the rose-colored image painted by God was non world. Man has been the root cause of the turbulence.
Protected countries have a really of import topographic point in the procedure of Restoration of the environment. These countries conserve and restore the environment along with its vegetations and zoologies. These countries are critical for the preservation of endemic biodiversity. India has a really diverse population of zoology and vegetation. But now even the smallest of species are confronting a menace of extinction. The protection of natural countries is the cardinal preservation scheme. These countries are cardinal home grounds since they can be conserved by species approach or ecosystem attack. These provide safety for wildlife to reconstruct them and protect them from the outside inhuman treatment. They besides protect worlds indirectly by protecting the fiddling life on Earth and aid in equilibrating the nature ‘ s rhythm. These countries are life for the local folk.
The WLPA, 1972 statute law was passed for the protection of wildlife. But ironically until late the commissariats of the act have non been implemented to full strength. Until the SC intervened the State Board and the National Board were really hapless respondents. This legislative act needs to be revised and amended in assorted facets. There should be a subdivision legislated in the WLPA dedicated to the execution of the commissariats and instructions. It should be made compulsory. The governments in charge demand to be penalised in instance regulations and ordinances were flouted. Even though there are regulations sing the entry of people, enrollment of weaponries into these countries if person throws in some hard currency anything under the Sun can be achieved, including scoffing the wildlife Torahs. The chief ground is that the base of the whole construction is so weak that nil can be done. Unless we realise and build the system once more from the foundation the hereafter is black and is really much predictable. This can be seen the instance of Tarun bharath Sangh, Alwar Vs Union of India, 1992. Here the authorities themselves are scoundrels by leting illegal excavation operations in a protected wood.
Scoffing of wildlife Torahs has resulted in grave effects. One such instance comes to illume about the extinction of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams from the Sariska Tiger Reserve. In December 2004, all Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams had disappeared from the Sariska Tiger Reserve. In 1973, Project Tiger was established for the preservation of tiger. The daze moving ridges that were created and sent across the state resulted in the constitution of the Tiger Task Force ; it was specially formed for the Tiger preservation.
Through probe it was revealed that poaching was the chief issue for the dwindling population of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. The last six that remained were poached during the last months of 2004. After this annihilating narrative, the wardens are instructed to hit poachers on sight when they are sighted. Tiger ( Panthera Tigris ) is our national animate being. The danger we are seting it through is a bosom twisting narrative. Now it does n’t even hold a topographic point to name place since its fighting with world tooth and nail for endurance.
Joining our national animate being are other wildlife species like the king of beasts, Asiatic elephant, snow leopard etc. Even though these are protected and conserved in countries or militias they still face the menace of poaching. There are besides other grounds that affect the preservation schemes. One of the chief grounds is the failure of the forest inhabitants or local people in assisting to conserve the wildlife. They assist the poachers in killing those animate beings giving the ground that they are threatened by its presence. Therefore there is no affable relationship between the direction and the local people. But we can non fault the local people for their action because their whole support is through deducing resources from the forest modesty. The recording and rights of people populating near woods and militias started manner back when the Acts of the Apostless were legislated but even now many are pending. Many people are still in hope to acquire their rights so that they can populate peacefully with nature. This is a perfect paradigm for Man Vs Wild. These struggles have been present for ages but have increased over the old ages because worlds expand their metropoliss or towns with mention to development. This has resulted in us working their home ground. Other grounds that can take to endangering the wildlife in their protected residence is illegal activities such as excavation, building, noise etc.
Protected countries along with its varied vegetations and zoologies really conserve the value of the state. Even though these countries are protected half the population of the state are non cognizant that an Act has been implemented for protection. Peoples do n’t gain the effects and the penal codifications of the fundamental law sing environment. This is fundamentally due to ignorance and illiteracy. Therefore consciousness demands to be achieved. MoEF
One act of random kindness will alter the life of many. Environment and world are interlinked. That is because every life thing has a topographic point and a function to play on this planet through a nutrient concatenation or a nutrient web. So even if one degree is disrupted the whole web goes haywire and can ensue in a calamity that adult male did n’t comprehend. So if he wants to populate he needs to get down believing twice earlier taking a important measure. But it does n’t intend that development stops. Development can take topographic point but non at the cost of the environment. Nature should non take the brunt of adult male ‘ s action. Merely late have people started to stand up to the atrociousnesss being done to animate beings. But even so the response is hapless compared to the immense population of India.
Man being a greedy animate being, has ne’er been satisfied with his life and in the name of development has destroyed the environment. When he does gain the errors that he has committed it would be excessively late to turn back and get down once more. He is already standing on the border of the drop, one incorrect move and he sinks without a hint. Bing the most intelligent animal ironically adult male has been making the most foolish thing of his life-time. What is life without any morale and values? Are we so inhumane to even listen to the hurting that these animate beings cry out when they are being killed? Are we deaf to the supplications that reverberate out of them and inquiring us for their aid? But alternatively of assisting them we are utilizing them for our benefit. This is what life has become to develop our race we step onto the lives of another.
List OF FIGURES
FIG 1: Growth OF PROTECTED AREAS IN INDIA beginning: wildlife protected country web in India: a reappraisal
List OF TABLES
Table 1: Sum PROTECTED AREAS: BEST COVERED STATES
States
Percentage
Sikkim
28. 88 %
Goa
20. 39 % A
Himachal Pradesh
12. 93 %
Uttaranchal
12. 10 %
Arunachal Pradesh
11. 82 %
Gujarat
8. 62 %
Kerala
6. 90 %
Jammu and Kashmir
6. 69 %
Tripura
5. 76 %
Orissa
5. 1 %
Beginning: Wildlife Protected Area web in India: A Reappraisal
Table 2: States WITH LOW PA COVER
States
Percentage
Meghalaya
1. 35 %
Nagaland
1. 34 %
Delhi
0. 89 %
Punjab
0. 63 %
Beginning: Wildlife Protected Area Network in India: A Reappraisal
Table 3: Biosphere RESERVES IN INDIA
S. NO:
Name OF THE SITE
Date OF NOTIFICATION
LOCATION AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES
1.
Nilgiri*
1. 08. 86
Part of Waynad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Madumalai, Nilambur, Silent Valley and Siruvani hills ( Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka )
2.
Nanda Devi
18. 01. 88
Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh & A ; Almora Districts ( Uttaranchal )
3.
Nokrek
1. 09. 88
Part of Garo Hills ( Meghalaya )
4.
Manas
14. 03. 89
Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamprup and Darang Districts ( Assam )
5.
Sunderbans
29. 03. 89
Part of delta of Ganges & A ; Brahamaputra river system ( West Bengal )
6.
Gulf of Mannar
18. 02. 89
Indian portion of Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka ( Tamil Nadu )
7.
Great Nicobar
06. 01. 89
Southern most islands of Andaman and Nicobar
8.
Silimipal
21. 06. 94
Part of Mayurbhanj territory ( Orissa )
9.
Dibru-saikhowa
28. 07. 97
Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia territories ( Assam )
10.
Debang-debang
02. 09. 98
Part of Siang and Debang vale in Arunachal Pradesh
11.
Pachmari
O03. 03. 99
Partss of Betur, Hoshangabad and Chindwara,
Distt. of Madhya Pradesh.
12.
kanchanjunga
07. 02. 2000
Partss of North and West Sikkim.
13.
Agasthyamalai
12. 11. 2001
Partss of Thirunelveli and Kanya Kumari Districts in Tamil Nadu and Thiruvanthapuram, Kollam and Pathanmthitta in Kerala.
14.
Achanakmar Amarkantak
30. 03. 2005
Partss of Anuppur and Dindori Distt. of M. P. and Bilaspur Distt. of Chattisgarh. Source: Biosphere militias in India, Government of India * biosphere militias u
Table 3: PROTECTED AREAS IN TAMIL NADU
S. NO:
PROTECTED AREAS
WILDLIFE ACT IN WHICH IT WAS DECLARED
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
1.
Mudumalai WS
193 Development Department dated 27. 1. 1940.
2.
Indira Gandhi WS
18 ( 1 )
3.
Mudantharai WS
Wildlife Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912
4.
Kalakad WS
18 ( 1 )
5.
Grizzled elephantine squirell WS
18 ( 1 )
6.
Point calimer WS
Section 62 of Madras Forests Act, 1882
7.
Vallanadu balck buck WS
18 ( 1 )
8.
Kanyakumari WS
18 ( 1 )
NATIONAL PARKS
9.
Mudumalai NP
35 ( 4 )
10.
Indira Gandhi NP
35 ( 1 )
11.
Mukurthi NP
Concluding presentment issued U/s 35 ( 4 )
12.
Guindy NP
Concluding presentment issued U/s 35 ( 4 )
BIRD SANCTUARIES
13.
Vedanthangal BS
Concluding presentment issued U/s 26A ( 1 )
14.
Pulicat lake BS
18 ( 1 )
15.
Vellode BS
Concluding presentment issued U/s 26A ( 1 )
16.
Chitrangudi BS
18 ( 1 )
Beginning: Tamil Nadu Forest Department
Glossary
Art. 252 Power of Parliament to pass for two or more States by consent and acceptance of such statute law by any other State.
Art. 51A ( g ) “ It shall be the responsibility of every citizen of India to protect and better the natural environment including woods, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to hold compassion for life animals. ”
Entries 17A and 17B Forests and Protection of Wildlife in Concurrent list
Art. 8 In – Situ preservation of protected countries
Art. 21 Protection of life and personal liberty.-No individual shall be deprived of his life or personal autonomy except harmonizing to process established by jurisprudence.
Section 2 ( 37 ) “ wild life ” includes any animate being, bees, butterflies, Crustacea, fish and moths ; and aquatic or land flora which form portion of any home ground ;
Section16 presentment declaring forest reserved
Section 18 Declaration of sanctuary
Section 26 A Declaration of country as sanctuary
Section 27 Restriction on entry in sanctuary
Section 29 Destruction, etc. , in a sanctuary prohibited without license
Section 30 Causing fire prohibited – No individual shall put fire to a sanctuary, or inflame any fire, or leave any fire buring, in such mode as to jeopardize such sanctuary.
Section 31 Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon – No individual shall come in a sanctuary with any arm except with the old permission in authorship of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorized officer.
Section 32 Ban on usage of deleterious substances – a No individual shall utilize, in a sanctuary, chemicals, explosives or any other substances which may do hurt to or jeopardize, any wild life in such sanctuary.
Section 33 Control of sanctuaries.- The Chief Wild Life Warden shall be the authorization who shall command, manage and keep all sanctuaries and for that intent, within the bounds of any sanctuary
Section 35 Declaration of National Parks
Section 38 Power of Cardinal Government to declare countries as sanctuaries or National Parks.
Section 66 ( 3 ) Any sanctuary declared by the province authorities prior to the passage of WLPA deemed to be a sanctuary under the Act.
