Parenting style

Authoritative parenting also encourages intrinsic motivation (Alarcon).
Authoritarian parents set high standards, place a high value on conformity, and expect obedience without any questions or comments. They are demanding and unresponsive to a childs needs. The authoritarian parenting approach affects a childs cognition negatively. Children who are consistently treated in an authoritarian way tend to be withdrawn, rebellious, and unhappy, have low self-esteem, anxious, lack intellectual curiosity, and react to others with hostility when frustrated. Permissive parents are warm and accepting, but make no demands or set limits on their children. Since they are non-controlling, these parents allow their children to regulate their own behavior. They allow their children to make their own decisions at any age. This parenting approach affects a childs cognition negatively. Children of permissive parents tend to be immature, impulsive, underachievers, rebellious, low self-esteem, dependent on adults and showed less persistence on school tasks (Alarcon).
Through various research and studies, it has been discovered that children subject to authoritative parenting styles are securely attached to their parents. On the other hand, children subject to authoritarian or permissive parenting styles are insecurely attached or detached from their parents. A child who is securely attached to the parents has a great deal of autonomy, effective sharing, cognitive flexibility, problem-solving ability, and perseverance. All of these outcomes indicate that secure attachment results in a healthy family and peer relationships as well as high self-esteem for the child. Conversely, children who are insecurely attached become emotionally isolated from both family and peers, and seldom have stable interpersonal relationships or a good self-concept (Neal and Frick).
A two-parent family is more complete and advantageous than a family with a single parent. It has been observed that a two-parent family is healthier as well as wealthier than a single-parent family. A two-parent family tends to have a more positive effect on children’s emotional and social behavior as compared to a single-parent family. However, assistance from grandparents and daycare can be a boon to single parents. Such assistance is beneficial to couples too. Grandparents and daycare greatly help parents relax and in turn help them focus better on the children. Even though parents are usually of the opinion that grandparents tend to spoil their grandchildren, grandparents’ love and affection is an essential part of childhood.