If a firm increases its plowback ratio, this will probably result in _______ P/E ratio. The answer cannot be determined from the information given.
The value of Internet companies is based primarily on _____growth opportunities
New-economy companies generally have higher _______ than old-economy companiesP/E multiples
A firm has current assets that could be sold for their book value of $10 million. The book value of its fixed assets is $60 million, but they could be sold for $95 million today. The firm has total debt at a book value of $40 million, but interest rate changes have increased the value of the debt to a current market value of $50 million. This firm’s market-to-book ratio is ________. 1. 83
equity = total assets-debtmarket value/book value of equity = 50/30 = 1. 833
A stock has an intrinsic value of $15 and an actual stock price of $13. 50. You know that this stock _______will generate a positive alpha
bill, Jim, and Shelly are all interested in buying the same stock that pays dividends. Bill plans on holding the stock for 1 year. Jim plans on holding the stock for 3 years. Shelly plans on holding the stock until she retires in 10 years. Which one of the following statements is correct? All three should be willing to pay the same amount for the stock regardless of their holding period.
A firm cuts its dividend payout ratio. As a result, you know that the firm’s _______. earnings retention ratio will increase
__________ is the amount of money per common share that could be realized by breaking up the firm, selling its assets, repaying its debt, and distributing the remainder to shareholders. liquidation value per share
An underpriced stock provides an expected return that is ____________ the required return based on the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). greater than
Stockholders of Dogs R Us Pet Supply expect a 12% rate of return on their stock. Management has consistently been generating an ROE of 15% over the last 5 years but now believes that ROE will be 12% for the next 5 years. Given this, the firm’s optimal dividend payout ratio is now ______. 100%
The constant-growth dividend discount model (DDM) can be used only when the ___________. growth rate is less than the required return
You want to earn a return of 10% on each of two stocks, A and B. Each of the stocks is expected to pay a dividend of $4 in the upcoming year. The expected growth rate of dividends is 6% for stock A and 5% for stock B. Using the constant-growth DDM, the intrinsic value of stock A _________. will be higher than the intrinsic value of stock B
You are considering acquiring a common share of Sahali Shopping Center Corporation that you would like to hold for 1 year. You expect to receive both $1. 25 in dividends and $35 from the sale of the share at the end of the year. The maximum price you would pay for a share today is __________ if you wanted to earn a 12% return.$32. 37
v0 = (1. 25+35. 00)/(1+. 12) = 32. 37
The market capitalization rate on the stock of Aberdeen Wholesale Company is 10%. Its expected ROE is 12%, and its expected EPS is $5. If the firm’s plowback ratio is 60%, its P/E ratio will be _________. 14. 29
Dividend payout ratio = 1 – . 46 = . 4Expected dividend = . 4 × $5 = $2Growth rate = . 6 × 12% = 7. 2%Value = $2/(. 1 – . 072) = $71. 43P/E = $71. 43/$5 = 14. 29
Gagliardi Way Corporation has an expected ROE of 15%. If it pays out 30% of its earnings as dividends, its dividend growth rate will be _____. 10. 5%
b = 1 – . 3 = . 7g = b × ROE = . 7 × 15% = 10. 5%
Fundamental analysisuse information concerning the current and prospective profitability of a company to assess its fair market value.
Market valuehow much are investors willing to pay as of now?
Market value formula= per share stock price * number of shares outstanding.
Investors try to estimate the fair market value toidentify mispricing (trading opportunities) in the stock market
The most important tool: financial statement analysis• The Balance Sheet• The Income Statement• Statement of Cash Flows
Book valuethe net worth of common equity reported on the balance sheet.
Book value of equity = Book value of assets – book value of liabilities
Book value of assets = Original costs for purchasing the assets – accumulated depreciation
• Book value of assets is normally stale, so it isnot a good measure for true current value (market value)
Investors calculate the book to market ratio (B/M) as aa key characteristic for a stock.
• Very rarely, some firms can havenegative book value of equity, but still traded at positive prices
• Liquidation value: net amount that can be realized by selling the assets of a firm and paying off the debt.• Normally considered as a floor (lower bound) of the market value for stocks
Replacement cost: cost to replace a firm’s assets (setting up an identical firm)• Market value should not deviate too far above the replacement cost of assets minusliabilities
The ratio of market value of a firm (equity plus liabilities) to replacement costs for assets iscalledTobin’s q
In the long run, Tobin’s q should tend toward1
tobin q = MV liabilities + MV equity / replacement cost assets
Intrinsic value: the present value of future cash flows generated by owning the stock, discounted at the appropriate discount rate ݇k.
Intrinsic value isforward‐looking, and is the per share fair market value.
Dividends and firm profit (earnings): dividend is part of earnings
divident payout ratiodiv/earnings
plowback ratio1-dividend payout ratio
The discount rate ݇” k” shouldmatch the risk level of the stock:
the CAPM expected return is theinvestor’s required rate of return (market capitalization rate):
k = rf + beta * [e(rm)-r(f)]
• Denote the intrinsic value as V0the expected value for next period’s dividend as E(D1) and price as E(P1)v0= E(d1) +E(P1) / 1+k
dividend discount model (DDM)vo =[ d1/(1+k)] +[d2/(1+K)^2] and so on
The Constant‐Growth DDMassuming all future dividends are growing at aconstant rate ݃g over time
The Constant‐Growth DDMv0 == d1/(1+k) + [d1(1+g)]/[(1+k)^2] + [d1(1+g)^2] / [(1+k)^3] ETC
The Constant‐Growth DDM: special case when g= 0, v0 = d1/kit’s a perpetuity (fixed amount of money every year)
The Constant‐Growth DDM: special case when g> k, v= infinityThe dividend is growing so fast that the stock is worth infinity. can’t use this
In order to have good growth, there has to be two things: enough plowback (denoted as b ܾ), and good investment opportunities (normally measured by return on equity (ROE)).
g (growth rate of dividends) = b*roe
if b is neg then g will decreasemust have positive b and high roe to have growth
present value of growth opportunity (PVGO) = value per share with growth – value per share without growth
• Only increasing retained earnings is not enough to have positive PVGO (higher share value).
Price‐earnings ratioprice per share/earnings per share
a measure to gauge whether a stock is “ expensive” or “ cheap”.
High P/E indicatesgood growth opportunity when the stock is fairly valued
The higher PVGO isthe higher the P/E
The higher ROE isthe higher the P/E
Stocks with high risk havelower P/E, all else equal
However, high plowback (B) ܾ will result in higher P/E only ifROE> k
When the investment opportunity is bad (roe
Price‐to‐bookHigh ratio indicates a large premium over book value, and a ‘ floor’ value that is often far below market price
Price‐to‐cash flowP/Cash Flow instead of P/E; less subject to accounting manipulation
Price‐to‐salesUseful for firms with low or negative earnings in early growth stage
An alternative way to evaluate stocks:
market value of equity=
total market value of the firm (enterprise value) – value of debrt
An alternative way to evaluate stocks:
enterprise value=
PV (all future CF generated by the firm, discounted by an appropriate discount rate)
• Cash flows generated by the firm is called free cash flows.• The appropriate discount factor is WACC (weighted average cost of capital).• The details of estimating free cash flows and WACC are covered in the course Corporate Finance.
Chapter 13 Argumentative
