Learning cognition and memory

learninglong-term change in mental representations or associations due to experiencestimulusan environmental event ONLEARNING COGNITION AND MEMORY SPECIFICALLY FOR YOUFOR ONLY$13. 90/PAGEOrder Nowresponsea learner’ reactionbehaviorismlearning is a system of stimuli from the environment and how the learner reacts to those stimuli and how those reactions change as stimuli changesocial cognitive theorylearning is done by observing others and applying what happens to one’s own behaviormodelingLearning by imitating others; copying behavior. reinforcementAnything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibitedself-efficacyBelief in one’s ability to perform a task successfullyself-regulationThe ability to control one’s emotions and behaviorinformation processing theorylearning is done as a cognitive process in the brain through mental processes; behaviors can provide insight about perception, interpretation and manipulation done in the brainconstructivismlearning is a creation of the mind based on observations and experiencessociocultural theorylearning is affected by society and the culture a learner lives in and culturally influences thought processes become internalized as mental processescognitiona term denoting all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledgecognitive processparticular way of mentally responding to or thinking about information or an eventencodingChanging the format of information being stored in memory in order to remember it more easily. neuronA cell in the nervous system specialized to receive, process and/or transmit information to other cells. synapsetiny gap across which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell; reflects an ongoing by changeable connectionsastrocyteA start-shaped glial cell with diverse functions, including providing structural support for neurons, regulating the synaptic environment, facilitating synaptic transmission, and assisting in regulating the blood supply to the brain. cortexthe upper and outer layers of the brain in humans; where most thinking, feeling and sensing occurs; place of conscious and complex cognitive processesmemoryAn indication that learning has persisted over time; our ability to store and retrieve information; the mental location where information is storedstorageMaintaining encoded information in memory over time. retrievalthe cognitive operation of accessing information in memorysensory registera memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory informationattentionfocusing mental processes on particular stimuliworking memorycomponent of memory that holds and actively thinks about and processes a limited amount of information. rehearsalthe conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storagelong-term memorythe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiencesdeclarative knowledgeknowledge related to ” what is” that is, to the nature of how things are, were, or will be. procedural knowledgeknowledge of the necessary steps to complete a taskconcepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. schemaan organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of eventsscriptA schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event. theoryintegrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon, constructed with other learners or by one’s self. rote learningLearning information in a relatively uninterpreted form, without making sense of it or attaching much meaning to it. meaningful learningcognitive process in which learners relate new information to things they already knowelaborationCognitive process in which learners embellish on new information based on what they already know. organizationcognitive process in which learners find connections among various pieces of information they need to learnvisual imageryForming mental pictures of objects or ideasautomaticityAbility to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a tasklearning strategyintentional use of one or more cognitive processes for a particular learning taskknowledge baseOne’s existing knowledge about specific topics and the world in generalconfirmation biasA preference for information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discovering contradictory evidence. retrieval cuestimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memoryreconstruction errorconstruction of a logical but incorrect ” memory” by combining information retrieved from long-term memory with one’s general knowledge and beliefs about the worldretrieval failureThe inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cuesdecayFading of information from memory over time due to lack of useprior knowledge activationprocess of reminding learners of things they already know relative to a new topicconceptual understandingknowledge about a topic acquired in an integrated and meaningful fashionwait timeLength of time a teacher pauses, after either asking a question or hearing a student’s comment, before saying something. MnemonicMemory aid or trick designed to help students learn and remember a specific piece of information. verbal mediatorword or phrase that forms a logical connection, or bridge, between two pieces of informationkeyword methodMnemonic technique in which an association is made between two ideas by forming a visual image of one or more concrete objects that either sound similar to or symbolically represent those ideassuperimposed meaningful structuresfamiliar shape, word, sentence, poem, or story imposed on information in order to facilitate recallconceptual changeSignificant revision of one’s existing beliefs about a topic, enabling new and discrepant information to be better understood and explainedlearning disabilityDeficiency in one or more specific cognitive processes despite relatively normal cognitive functioning in other areasAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)A disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity