Language development hypotheses essay sample

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT HYPOTHESES

Multiple Choice Test.
Chapter 1
– It is the sending and receiving of information, ideas, feelings, or messages. (page 3)
– Language
– Communication (answer)
– Speech
– Voice
– Dialogue
– What do you call an area on the roof of the mouth just behind the upper teeth that produces the s sound? (page 5)
– Pragmatics
– vocal-auditory channel
– tongue
– alveolar ridge (answer)
– larynx
– This the first design-feature made by Hockett, That is, human beings communicate by forcing air through the vocal folds of the larynx and breaking the vibrating air stream into sounds of speech, which are organized into words and sentences. (page 8)
– Voice channel
– Vocal-auditory channel (answer)
– Communication
– Speech
– What do you mean by Rapid fading? (page 9)
– It fades too fast.
– It depends on vocal-auditory channel.
– Musical to the ears
– The speech signals are transitory. (answer)
– No possible explanation
– What is interchangeability? (10)
– Any human being can say anything that is said by any other human being. (answer)
– Human speakers have the capacity to monitor what they say and how they say it.
– It is specifically designed for communication and no other purpose.
– This will aid humans in swallowing something.
– Exchanging of ideas

Chapter 2

– The neurons that fire during these actions are found in the rostral (front) part of the monkey’s inferior area. (page 27)
– primary motor strip
– mirror neurons (answer)
– Broca’s area
– Wernicke’s area
– Monkey’s brain
– The human brain also has a dynamic ability to change constantly as individuals learn, an ability is called plasticity and is also known as (page 27)
– Universal Grammar
– development of speech
– primate communication
– self-organizing neural network (answer)
– speech network
– Biologically speaking, humans not only have the neural mechanisms that support language learning and use. How is the ability beneficial to others? (page 28)
– It is genetically transmitted to their offspring. (answer)
– An interactive language places children at a disadvantage for language growth and development.
– Inflections were more difficult for children and thus were learned after the basic word order structure of the language was in place.
– Children produce a wide variety of word orders even before they have mastered inflections.
– The language the child is exposed to, is a very powerful influence on how he learns language.
– What frequency of any behavior affects the responses? (page 34)
– Operant (answer)
– Reinforcement
– polite manner
– discriminative stimulus
– intraverbal
– A verbal behavior used to name or label something, typically in response to things or events the speaker is discussing. (page 36)
– Mand
– intraverbal
– tact (answer)
– demand
– Autoclitic

Chapter 3

– In the highlights of Sensorimotor Development, what Substage does a child Watches object move and anticipates its future position; reaches for partially hidden object.
(page 76)
– 18 to 24 months
– 8 to 12 months
– 4 to 8 months(answer)
– 1 to 4 months
– 12 to 18 months
– Which of the following communications the child will do at the age of 12 to 18 months? (page 76)
– No communicative intent
– Imitates and spontaneously produces multiple word utterances
– Produces first meaningful words; communication is intentional but still heavily nonverbal (answer)
– Babbles
– Links gestures and vocalizations to convey fairly specific messages
– What is the best behavior or act of causality during substage 3? (page 78)
– If Mom then hides it under his blanket, he will look under the blanket, and if Mom puts it in her shirt pocket, he will search for his pacifier in her pocket, undoubtedly ripping the shirt in the process.
– The child might say “ bye-bye” to indicate that she wants to leave or wants someone else to leave.
– If Mom moves the pacifier out of sight under the pillow and then slides the pacifier between the sofa cushions, the child will first look under the pillow but, not finding it, will continue to look in and around the area where it disappeared until she finds it.
– The child might simply react with frustration when trying to remove a play telephone from her toy box, the receiver of which is tangled on another toy at the bottom of the box.
– A child might bang her spoon on her high chair tray simply because it feels good and she likes the noise. (answer)
– In the earliest stages of make-believe play, the child’s pretending is limited to real, or at least realistic-looking, objects. At 18 months, the child acts(page 85)
– He will pretend to eat with forks and spoons—either actual forks and spoons or toy forks and spoons—but he will not pretend that a roofing plank from a set of Lincoln Logs is a fork. (answer)
– The child is given a new toy unlike anything she has seen before; she might examine it carefully and, deciding that she does not know what to do with it, push it into an adult’s hand.
– When her mother carried her into the kitchen, the girl pointed at the sink, prompting her mother to give her a drink of water.
– If while holding the child on her lap, the mother sticks out her tongue, he might imitate this behavior even though he cannot see his own protruding tongue.
– He grasps toys, ears, nostrils, and dogs’ paws, and he still tries to put all objects, including the coffee table leg, into his mouth.

Chapter 4

– In Halliday’s Communicative Functions, what explains the best on regulatory Function? (page 155)
– Using language to maintain contact with others
– Using language to satisfy needs and wants
– Using language to control the behavior of others (answer)
– Using language to share her knowledge with others
– Using language to accompany her play activity
– In question number 15, what is the best example suits the Function? (page 155)
– Child says, “ Ball,” in an attempt to have Mother give him the object; comparable to Dore’s category of requesting an action. (Answer)
– Child points to Daddy’s eye and says, “ Eye”; comparable to Dore’s category of labeling.
– Child says, “ Milk,” in an effort to obtain a drink; comparable to Dore’s category of requesting an action.
– Child sees a new toy and asks “ Doggie?”; comparable to Dore’s category of requesting an answer.
– Child says, “ Whee!” as she plays with toy; comparable to Dore’s category of protesting.
– Which of the following statements is the one of the important contributions of a song to language acquisition? (page 171)
– Help mothers and infants establish a secure relationship.
– The consistent mapping of musical and linguistic structure may optimize the operation of learning mechanisms. (answer)
– The melody provides the frame for the words and phrases in the songs.
– It is beneficial to learning.
– The interactions are typically highly entertaining.

Chapter 5

– In what stage does a child begins to use the verbs have and do as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs? (page 193)
– Stage 1
– Stage 2 (answer)
– Stage 3
– Stage 4
– Stage 5
– It is a combination of words related to one another, and the combination serves a grammatical purpose, but a phrase does not contain both a subject and a predicate.
(page 193)
– Determiner
– Noun
– Article
– Phrase (answer)
– Sentence
– Who described the three variations of the negative theme during stage 2? (page 195)
– Klima
– Brown
– Kolberg
– Bloom (answer)

Chapter 6

– the statement is positive but the intent of the statement is to mean something negative, as when you say, “ You are so graceful,” when you really mean that tripping on the sidewalk is clumsy. (page 251)
– ironic criticism (answer)
– ironic compliment
– ironic figures
– punch lines
– minimal compliment
– Why the changes are not dramatic but they are important in the early phonemic stage? (page 288)
– They reflect more sophisticated and understanding about spelling and sounds. (answer)
– More involved in writing than in forming letters.
– More words to signal adjustments such as tense changes and modality.
– It is able to acknowledge differing points of view in their essays.
– They learn the nuances of talking.
– Which of the following is not true about language acquisition? (page 295)
– It depends on environmental opportunities.
– It depends on the child’s interactions with the important people in his life.
– It depends on motor, sensory, perceptual, and cognitive development.
– It is by virtue of their genetic background and is born to talk.
– All the statements are true. (answer)

Chapter 7

– This includes noises, such as squeals, and grunts, screams, and growls, and the always-popular“ raspberries.” (page 315)
– Vocal play (answer)
– Language learning
– Speech development
– Interaction
– The complete understanding of phonology development lies in the future. Do you agree on this statement and why? (page 328)
– No, the present development is important.
– Yes, it is impossible to separate what the child performs from what she understands.
– Yes, it is impossible to separate what she knows and understands from the physical processes that generate speech sounds.
– No, present learning is more important.
– I only
– IV only
– II and II (answer)
– I and IV
– These are common to all languages and emerge first in developing children. (page 314)
– Marked sounds
– Common sounds
– Natural sounds (answer)
– Sounds
– Virtual sounds

Chapter 8

– It is defined as “ any given variety of a language shared by a group of speakers.
(page 334)
– Sounds
– Ideas
– Vocabulary
– Dialect (answer)
– Agreements
– There are five places along the eastern and southern coasts of the United States, which most regional dialects have evolved: Boston, Philadelphia, tidewater Virginia, Charleston, and New Orleans. These are called (page 336)
– Culture
– Common ethics
– Traditions
– Culture hearths (answer)
– Mixed dialects
– A continuum ranging from two languages used equally to one language as clearly dominant. (page 355)
– successive bilingualism (answer)
– speech expert
– flexible speaker
– linguistic
– language learner

Chapter 9

– Disorder is considered functional if (page 390).
– After using the best diagnostic procedures and technologies available, we fail to identify pathology of an organ system.
– The development of the systems involved in communication is utilized.
– The communication involved reduced environmental stimulation.
– The development of the systems includes emotional issues that suppress learning.
– All the statements are true. (answer)
– What is another avenue for the development of language? (page 392)
– Speaker
– Development system
– American Sign Language (answer)
– Cultural language
– Which of the following describes primary difficulties in the classroom? (page 402)
– Understanding complex oral and written directions for projects and assignments
– Recalling information on exams or during class discussions from lecture or readings
– Understanding and using multiple meanings of words through contextual cues
– Using background knowledge to predict outcomes from discussions, debates,
narratives, or plays.
– All of the above (answer)

Chapter 10 / Appendix

– What form of sound that travels to the outer ear? (page 438)
– Tiny sound
– Sound waves (answer)
– Energy waves
– Nasal resonance
– Speech sounds
– There are how many thoracic vertebrae posterior in the bony framework of the thorax? (page 419)
– 5 thoracic vertebrae
– 9 thoracic vertebrae
– 12 thoracic vertebrae (answer)
– 10 thoracic vertebrae
– It is not determined.
– Why hyoid is important to laryngeal function even though it is not part of the larynx? (page 424)
– Each arytenoid has a vocal process.
– The vibrating elements of the larynx consist of ligaments.
– A number of laryngeal muscles are attached to it. (answer)
– It extends into the opening of the larynx.
– Extends the vocal folds attached to it.
– The only paired cartilages that are important to language function, situated on top of the posterior plate of the cricoids. (page 424)
– Lateral ormuscular
– Pyramid-shaped arytenoids (answer)
– Thyroid cartilages
– Cricoids cartilages
– Laryngeal cartilages
– What are the large bands of neural fibers that connect the two halves of the cerebrum? (page 434)
– Motor cortex
– Arcuate fasciculus
– Right hemisphere
– Left hemisphere
– Corpus callosum (answer)
– It refers to a bundle of nerve fibers that share a common origin, termination, and function. (page 434)
– Callosum
– Fasciculus (answer)
– Cortex
– Cricoids
– Arytenoids
– What is the division that contains the organs of hearing? (page 441)
– Modiolus
– Inner ear
– Cochlea (answer)
– Scala tympani
– Scala vestibule
– This relatively free-floating membrane responds to movements in the fluid of the scala media. (page 442)
– Oval window
– Ossicles
– Cochlea
– Perilymph
– Tectorial membrane (answer)

References

Hulit, L. M., Howard, M. R., & Fahey K. R. Born to Talk: an Introduction to Speech and
Language Development Fifth Edition. Course Smart: My Book Shelf, 2013. Online
In this book Hulit et al. show the physiological and the anatomical process by considering the hearing mechanism. This mechanism allows a person to receive speech and monitor a person’s own speech productions. It is a need to understand the structures and processes that produce speech. Speech is the direct result of the contraction of the muscles in the central nervous system. Breathing is important for speech and its primary reason a person breathes is to absorb oxygen into the bloodstream and to release waste in the form of carbon dioxide.
In the appendix, there are two things that catches the reader’s interest are the topics on The Four Processes of Speech and on The Ear: An Energy Transformer. Respiration, Phonation, resonation, and articulation are the four separate processes. Each of the process makes a unique contribution. Each part of the speech depends on every other part and functions as one if each part works together. The appreciation on how hearing is important is through the consideration how a child learns to talk. By listening to the speech around him, he learns to talk. The mechanism on human hearing is a special transformer of energy. The energy form is one of the best means to comprehend the different parts of the hearing system. The outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear are the three traditional anatomical divisions of the ear. The outer ears and the middle ears both function to transform an acoustic energy to mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is transformed to hydraulic energy through the fluids of the inner ear. Then the hydraulic energy is transform to neural energy through the action of the tectorial membrane and the hair cells.
The process of the hearing mechanism is amazing. Humans are born with equipment and human can easily adapt in expressing language through speech.