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Essay, 24 pages (6000 words)

  jonathan

  Jonathan  Moeller   Final  Paper,  Theory  and  History  of  Cinema   5-­”4-­”12 1 Gender  Roles  in  the  Work  of  John  Ford:  How  The  Director  of  Westerns  Used  Women  To   Drive  a  Male  Dominated  Genre   The  Western  genre  has  always  been  a  representation  of  American  identity,  in  that  its  films   reflect  societal  moods,  pop  culture,  politics,  etc.  The  prototypical  Western  portrays  beautiful  open   landscapes  and  heroic,  rugged  heroes  who  are  set  on  either  conquering  or  defending  them.  These   iconic  actors  such  as  John  Wayne,  Roy  Stewart,  Alan  Ladd,  and  Gary  Cooper  were  made  famous   through  being  the  centerpiece  of  Western  films  and  series.  These  heroes  and  images  of  the  ‘ great   American  frontier’  stand  as  metaphor  for  America  itself.  Yet,  as  we  closely  examine  this  exciting   and  adventurous  genre  of  film  we  see  that  the  hero’s  female  counterparts  are  usually   underdeveloped  and  ignored.  Western  films,  especially  in  the  early  years  of  the  genre,  featured   women  characters  who  held  little  importance  to  the  plot  and  served  as  comedic  or  sexual  support   to  the  hero.  In  this  essay  I  will  examine  how  John  Ford,  as  a  Western  filmmaker,  did  not  follow  the   formula  of  the  genre.  He  played  with  male  characters  that  were  not  heroic,  but  were  selfish  and   cold,  and  even  more  interestingly,  readjusted  the  gender  roles  in  his  western  films  so  that  women   were  no  longer  simple  characters,  but  in  fact  drove  the  story  along  and  made  significant  plot-­” related  decisions.  Often  women  and  men  were  equals  in  Ford’s  work.  I  will  examine  how  Ford  did   this,  and  contemplate  why,  as  well,  in  three  of  his  western  classics.  The  films  we  will  be  taking  a   close  look  at  are  Fort  Apache  (1948),  The  Searchers  (1956),  and  The  Man  Who  Shot  Liberty  Valance   (1962),  all  of  which  feature  significant  female  character  contributions. Before  diving  into  the  work  of  Ford  and  how  he  gave  significance  to  women  in  the  West,  it   is  important  to  discuss  further  the  attitudes  that  Western  film,  and  all  of  Hollywood  in  the  early 2 years,  had  towards  female  characters.  According  to  Laura  Mulvey,  a  feminist  and  film  theorist   who  wrote  extensively  on  the  subject,  Hollywood  uses  women  in  only  two  ways:  “ as  erotic  objects   for  the  characters  within  the  screen  story,  and  as  erotic  object  for  the  spectator  within  the   auditorium…  She  also  connotes  something  the  look  continually  circles  around  but  disavows:  her   lack  of  penis,  implying  a  threat  of  castration  and  hence  unpleasure. ”  (Mulvey,  p. 716-­”718)  Therefore,  women  are  either  sex  objects  or  characters  to  be  feared.  According  to  Mulvey,   Hollywood  feels  female  characters  shouldn’t  be  complex,  shouldn’t  grow  and  change,  and  certainly   aren’t  able  to  make  decisions  that  change  the  outcome  of  the  story.  All  of  that  should  be  left  to  the   male  heroes. Early  Western  films  followed  a  strict  formula.  They  featured  rugged  yet  like  able  heroes   from  the  frontier,  and  pitted  against  them  was  almost  always  a  foreign  adversary.  He  was  either  a   Native  American,  or  more  typically  a  well-­”dressed  man  from  the  East  coast.  (Garfield)  Women  in   these  early  films  played  very  small  roles,  most  fitting  into  Mulvey’s  definition  of  sex  object.  They   also  acted  as  a  power  symbol,  and  the  man  who  possessed  the  leading  woman  had  all  the  power,   something  we  will  examine  in  more  depth  later  in  this  essay.   In  1948,  John  Ford  began  to  change  the  dynamics  between  these  dominant  male  characters   and  their  passive,  sexual  counterparts  when  he  made  Fort  Apache.  The  film  starred  John  Wayne   playing  captain  Kirby  York,  a  prototypical  Western  hero,  who  is  as  rugged  as  they  come  as  well  as   a  well-­”knowledged  man  of  the  West  stationed  at  the  frontier’s  Fort  Apache.  Henry  Fonda  played   opposite  of  him  as  Lt  Col.  Owen  Thursday,  a  prototypical  Western  villain,  because  he  came  from  a   foreign  land  with  the  intent  of  instilling  change.  Thirdly,  the  film  starred  Shirley  Temple  as   Owen’s  cute,  innocent  daughter,  Philadelphia  Thursday.  The  story  revolves  around  Owen 3 Thursday’s  attempts  to  control  the  “ wild”  Apache  tribes  of  the  area  and  send  them  back  to  their   reservation,  usually  against  the  advice  of  York.   All  of  these  story  and  character  dynamics  are  to  be  expected  when  examining  a  Western   film,  but  it  is  Ford’s  portrayal  of  women,  and  in  fact  the  number  of  contributing  female  characters,   that  make  this  classic  of  the  genre  stand  out.  According  to  film  critic  Howard  Movshovitz,  John   Ford  used  a  subtle  semiotic  technique  to  imply  his  heroes’  opinions  of  women  in  his  films.  “ Good   women  are  still;  only  questionable  women  travel  under  their  own  power, ”  he  says.  (Movshovitz,  p.   71)  By  this  he  means  that  good-­”intending  women  in  Ford’s  films  are  always  immobile,  and  the   women  whom  we  are  to  distrust  are  those  that  move  around  freely.  As  we  begin  to  examine  Fort   Apache  and  its  female  characters,  we  must  keep  this  in  mind.   The  first  female  character  we  meet  is  Philadelphia  Thursday,  and  we  are  introduced  to  her   as  she  is  riding  inside  of  a  wagon.  According  to  Movshovitz’s  theory,  this  means  she  is  good.  I   would  take  it  a  step  further  and  say  that  we  are  being  presented  an  innocent  character  here,  who  I   think  falls  in  line  with  Mulvey’s  theory.  Shirley  Temple  was  a  sex  symbol,  and  that’s  also  how   Philadelphia  Thursday  looks  to  us  when  we  meet  her.  Immediately,  she  is  fawned  at  by  a  group  of   soldiers  and  flirts  with  the  young  Michael  O’Rourke.  We  get  a  very  iconic  and  telling  shot  from   Ford  in  the  introductory  tavern  scene,  in  which  Miss  Thursday  and  O’Rourke  sit  down  next  to  each   other  and  smile,  while  not  looking  or  speaking  to  one  another.  Ford  is  symbolizing  a  lot  for  us   here.  Obviously  he  is  setting  up  their  future  romantic  relationship,  but  he  is  also  foreshadowing   for  us  gender  roles  of  Fort  Apache,  where  both  of  these  characters  are  headed.  As  we  are  to  find   out,  the  women  in  the  fort  run  the  show.  They  are  the  ones  who  take  care  of  the  everyday   business  within  the  fort,  while  the  men  train  and  go  off  to  battle  the  surrounding  Indian  tribes,  and   as  I  will  explain  later,  the  men  actually  need  their  women  in  order  to  survive.  By  not  allowing 4 O’Rourke  to  speak  in  the  aforementioned  shot,  Ford  is  suggesting  that  he  needs  Miss  Thursday  to   initiate  the  conversation  for  him.  He  is  already  dependent  on  women,  and  therefore  will  quickly   fit  in  once  he  arrives  at  the  fort.  Ford  is  also  presenting  to  us  something  about  Miss  Thursday  with   this  shot,  however  it  is  contrast  to  the  character  that  she  eventually  becomes.  Here,  by  being   quiet,  Miss  Thursday  is  conforming  to  Eastern  societal  standards  and  waiting  to  be  courted.  Ford   is  showing  us  that  she  is  a  foreigner  and  that  she  is  dependent  on  men,  but  as  soon  as  she  steps   foot  within  the  confines  of  Fort  Apache  all  of  this  changes. Upon  arrival  to  the  fort,  O’Rourke  pays  a  visit  to  the  Thursday  residence  to  drop  off  his   card,  and  only  Miss  Thursday  is  there  to  receive  him.  She  immediately  goes  on  the  offensive  and   tries  to  persuade  him  to  admit  his  romantic  intentions  towards  her.  O’Rourke  is  confused  by  her   forwardness,  and  needs  her  to  spell  it  out  for  him,  a  job  which  actually  gets  turned  over  to  Kirby   York  who  enters  the  scene  about  halfway  through.  Over  the  course  of  one  night  in  the  fort,  Miss   Thursday  has  been  transformed  into  a  woman  who  takes  matters  into  her  own  hands. Later  that  day,  Miss  Thursday  decides  to  fix  up  her  and  her  father’s  house,  which  proves  to   be  our  more  solid  introduction  of  another  important  female  character  in  this  film,  Mrs.   Collingwood.  It  is  Mrs.  Collingwood,  in  fact,  who  makes  all  of  the  arrangements  for  the  Thursdays   to  have  furniture  and  food  and  even  a  servant.  That  night,  when  Owen  Thursday  comes  home   from  work  and  finds  his  house  fixed  up  he  is  very  surprised,  and  slightly  confused  at  how  it   happened.  He  is  openly  admitting  here  that  Philadelphia  is  more  capable  than  he,  at  least  in  the   matters  of  the  home,  because  of  the  fact  that  she  was  able  to  take  care  of  a  matter  he  was  not.  Male  characters  do  not  do  this  in  Western  films.  The  entire  genre  is  built  around  a  macho  mindset   in  which  the  male  hero  or  villain  is  the  all-­”mighty,  yet  here  Ford  has  decided  to  give  power  to  Miss   Thursday  and  by  association  Mrs.  Collingwood.  It  is  one  of  the  first  instances  that  Ford  shows  us 5 how  important  his  female  characters  are.  Without  them,  we  are  to  assume  that  the  entire  fort   would  have  nothing  and  would  therefore  collapse.  This  scene  is  also  significant  to  note  because  of   what  it  foreshadows  for  later  in  the  film.  Owen  Thursday  and  Mrs.  Collingwood  end  up  being  our   too  most  powerful  characters,  which  I  will  explain,  and  through  this  scene  Ford  is  showing  us  who   deserves  this  power.  This  scene  allows  us  the  room  to  be  skeptical  of  Owen  Thursday,  and  believe   his  poor  decision  making  at  the  end  of  the  film,  because  we  are  led  to  ask  how  he  is  capable  of   running  a  fort  when  he  can’t  even  run  a  house  hold.   This  idea  of  giving  Miss  Thursday  and  Mrs.  Collingwood  power  over  men  is  in  contrast  to   both  Mulvey  and  Movshovitz.  These  women  are  in  motion,  they  move  about  on  their  own  two  feet   freely  and  therefore,  according  to  Movshovitz,  are  questionable.  Yet,  how  can  we  question  them   when  they  are  giving  such  positive  contributions  to  our  male  heroes?  These  women  are  making  it   possible  for  the  men  of  the  fort  to  live  and  defend  it.  I  believe  Movshovitz  would  make  the   argument  that  Ford  is  foreshadowing  here,  and  that  the  reasons  that  these  women  are  not  to  be   trusted  arrives  later  in  the  film.  In  saying  so,  he  wouldn’t  be  entirely  wrong,  however,  I  believe  the   actions  these  characters  have  that  can  be  viewed  as  disruptive  are  all  positive  contributions  to  the   male  character’s  agendas.  Looking  at  Mulvey’s  statement  that  women  are  sex  symbols  and   castrators,  the  argument  can  be  made  in  her  defense  that  these  women  are  trying  to  take  the   power  from  the  men  and  therefore  are  acting  in  castration.  I  do  not  believe  this  is  what  is   happening,  for  the  same  reason  that  I  would  disagree  with  Movshovitz,  in  that  everything  Ford’s   female  characters  are  doing  in  Apache  is  to  the  ultimate  benefit  of  the  male  characters. Ford  even  gives  us  a  visual  example  of  the  need  of  women  in  the  scene  between  Owen   Thursday  and  his  daughter.  After  he  comes  home  and  discovers  the  furniture,  Philadelphia  leaves   him  alone  to  relax  while  she  goes  to  make  dinner.  As  soon  as  she  is  gone,  Owen  tries  to  sit  in  a 6 chair,  but  it  breaks  and  he  falls  to  the  floor.  Philadelphia  rushes  in  and  admits  she  forgot  to  tell  her   father  to  be  careful.  Here  we  have  a  character  that  Ford  has  set  up  to  be  the  main  villain  being   portrayed  as  a  man  incapable  of  doing  something  as  simple  as  sitting  down.  He  needs  his   daughter  to  tell  him  where  he  should  sit.  This  is  an  interesting  power  to  give  to  Miss  Thursday   because  it  gives  her  control  over  Owen,  in  some  aspects.  Ford  is  giving  her  more  power,  in  fact,   than  our  prototypical  hero  Kirby  York  who  spends  the  entire  film  trying  to  persuade  Owen  to   change  his  mind  or  act  differently.  Even  in  the  face  of  certain  death,  York  is  unable  to  control   Owen,  but  Miss  Thursday  is  able  to  through  a  simple  chair.  Here  Ford  is  subtly  expressing  his   believe  that  women  can  be  equal  to  men,  while  also  setting  up  the  idea  that  Miss  Thursday  will  be   able  to  get  what  she  wants  from  Owen  later  in  the  film. Once  Philadelphia  begins  to  transform  into  a  woman  of  the  fort,  i. e.  a  woman  capable  of   possessing  a  man’s  level  of  power,  her  courtship  with  the  young  O’Rourke  changes.  Early  on  in  the   film,  as  we  recall,  we  met  Miss  Thursday  as  she  was  silently  flirting  with  him  in  the  tavern.  As  the   film  progresses  this  relationship  changes.  After  the  horse  riding  incident,  Owen  forbids  O’Rourke   from  seeing  his  daughter,  so  Philadelphia  takes  the  situation  into  her  own  hands  and  acts.  She   shows  up  to  the  places  she  knows  he  will  be  and  forces  O’Rourke  to  speak  with  her.  Philadelphia   is  driving  the  story  along;  she  is  the  active  character  while  the  man  is  sitting  idle.  Mulvey  would   probably  argue  that  Ford  is  turning  Miss  Thursday  into  the  object  to  be  feared  here,  the  castrator,   as  she  is  forcing  O’Rourke  into  uncomfortable  situations  that  could  potentially  get  him  into  trouble   with  his  superiors.  Also,  Movshovitz  would  argue  that  since  she  is  in  motion  and  moving  around   freely  she  should  not  be  trusted.  I  disagree  with  both  of  these  statements.  I  think  Ford  is  cutting  it   off  short  of  castration,  much  more  so  than  in  his  later  films.  Here  Philadelphia  is  forcing  contact,   but  she  lets  O’Rourke  speak  as  he  pleases.  She  is  acting  as  his  support  so  that  he  can  get  what  he 7 wants,  which  is  she.  It  is  O’Rourke  who  proposes  marriage  and  confesses  his  love  for  Philadelphia,   not  the  other  way  around.  Also,  she  never  directly  disobeys  her  father,  but  acts  as  the  support  for   O’Rourke  to  do  so.  By  the  end  of  the  film  O’Rourke  achieves  what  he  wants  because  of  Miss   Thursday’s  actions.  Without  her,  he  would  not  grow  as  a  character,  therefore  proving  her   importance  to  the  plot  and  storyline,  a  still  relatively  new  idea  for  a  Western  woman. Philadelphia  Thursday  is  not  the  only  female  character  that  has  influence  over  men’s   decisions  in  Fort  Apache.  In  the  end  of  the  film,  Mrs.  Collingwood  is  told  that  her  husband,  who   had  put  in  for  a  transfer  to  West  Point,  has  been  accepted.  However,  he  has  already  left  to  fight  the   Apaches.  She  is  urged  to  send  someone  to  call  him  back,  but  she  refuses.  It  is  a  pivotal  decision;   one  that  ultimately  leads  to  Mr.  Collingwood’s  death.  This  is  a  significant  moment  in  all  of  Western   film  history  because  a  woman  is  determining  the  fate  of  a  man.  In  this  sequence,  Ford  shows  us   that  Mrs.  Collingwood  is  actually  one  of  the  most  powerful  characters  in  the  film.  We  can  equate   her  level  of  power  to  Owen  Thursday,  who  is  the  only  other  character  capable  of  sending  a  man  to   his  death.  By  introducing  early  on  that  Mrs.  Collingwood  and  the  other  women  have  power  within   the  fort,  Ford  was  giving  us  symbols  of  what  was  to  come.  It  shouldn’t  be  a  surprise  when  Mrs.   Collingwood  makes  her  decision,  because  Ford  foreshadowed  this  information  by  slowly  building   the  idea  that  she  and  the  other  women  keep  the  fort  running.  By  introducing  Mrs.  Collingwood  as   a  women  capable  of  running  not  only  her  household,  but  the  Thursday’s  as  well,  more  so  than  a   Owen  Thursday  himself,  it  is  very  easy  for  us  to  believe  she  could  handle  such  a  difficult  decision.  She  is  either  choosing  that  Mr.  Collingwood  would  rather  die  fighting  than  be  a  coward,  or  she  has   made  such  a  choice  for  him.  The  severity  of  the  moment  is  even  showcased  within  the  scene  itself.  None  of  the  other  women  standing  around  her  can  believe  her  decision,  and  they  actually  urge  her 8 against  it.  They  are  the  ‘ women  of  the  old  west’  who  can’t  make  their  own  decisions  and  need  a   male  character  to  guide  them.  Mrs.  Collingwood  is  a  ‘ woman  of  the  fort’.  She  is  the  same  as  a  man. The  idea  of  female  characters  driving  story  lines  and  causing/forcing  decisions  from  men  is   one  that  Ford  would  continue  to  embrace  in  his  films.  In  his  1956  adventure/journey  epic  The   Searchers,  he  employed  very  meaningful  female  characters  who  balance  out  the  cast  and  play  an   equal  if  not  greater  role  to  the  story.  John  Wayne  once  again  plays  the  lead  hero,  a  rugged  but  cold   man  named  Ethan  Edwards  returning  to  the  West  from  the  Civil  War.  We  are  led  to  believe  the   war  has  affected  him  greatly,  as  upon  his  return  he  treats  young  Martin  Pawley  with  severe   disrespect,  something  that  surprises  the  young  man.  Ethan  eventually  pairs  with  Martin  on  an   across-­”the-­”West  search  for  his  niece,  Debbie,  who  is  kidnapped  by  a  group  of  murderous   Comanche.  Ford  uses  two  of  his  female  characters  as  influence  on  what  causes  Ethan’s  coldness   and  determination.  The  first  of  which  is  Martha  Edwards,  Ethan’s  brother’s  wife,  who,  Movshovitz   believes,  he  is  clearly  in  love  with.  She  is  the  only  character  who  brings  out  a  joyful  side  of  Ethan,   besides  young  Debbie.  When  Martha  is  killed  by  the  tribe  of  Comanche,  Ford  is  symbolizing  that  a   part  of  Ethan  has  died,  too,  and  as  the  film  progresses  we  see  he  won’t  get  it  back.  Without   Martha,  Ethan  becomes  colder  and  harder  to  be  around.  This  female  character  is  important  to   note  because  she  doesn’t  fit  into  the  Mulvey  model.  Martha  may  be  a  sex  object,  or  rather  an   object  of  love,  but  she  certainly  isn’t  one  to  the  audience.  While  she  does  exist  to  support  Ethan  in   a  way  similar  to  Mulvey’s  arguments,  it  is  her  death  that  allows  her  to  be  different.  She   permanently  changes  Ethan  for  the  rest  of  the  film  by  dying.  If  Martha  had  survived,  even  if   Debbie  had  still  been  kidnapped,  the  film  would’ve  gone  a  completely  different  direction.  Perhaps   Ethan  would’ve  never  chased  after  her.  Perhaps  he  would’ve  married  Martha  and  tried  to  start  a   new  family;  one  in  which  he  would  be  happy.  Martha’s  mere  existence  determines  who  Ethan  is 9 and  who  he  becomes,  and  by  dying  she  sets  it  up  for  us  to  believe  that  Ethan  is  capable  of  turning   into  such  a  cold-­”hearted  human  being. The  next  female  character  that  plays  a  huge  part  in  the  story  is  Debbie.  Her  kidnapping  is   what  truly  begins  the  main  plot  of  Ford’s  film.  Typically  a  man  vs.  man  conflict  kicks  off  Western   stories.  Even  in  Fort  Apache  you  can  make  the  case  that  it  is  Thursday’s  arrival  in  conflict  to  York’s   presence  that  sets  the  story  in  motion.  In  The  Man  Who  Shot  Liberty  Valance  (1962),  a  Ford  film  I   will  discuss  later  on,  it  is  Valance’s  early  introduction  against  Ransom  Stoddard  that  sets  our  story   in  motion.  In  The  Searchers  Ford  does  something  very  unique,  in  that  he  never  puts  our  villain  and   hero  in  the  same  scene  against  each  other  until  the  final  act.  Instead,  it  is  Debbie  who  faces  off   against  Scar,  and  the  resulting  treachery  is  left  for  Ethan  to  find  and  chase.  Ford  is  saying   something  very  deliberate  about  his  characters  here.  By  showing  us  a  Debbie  vs.  Scar  scene  rather   than  an  Ethan  vs.  Scar  scene  he  is  leaving  the  idea  of  whom  the  protagonist  in  the  film  is  up  to   suggestion.  I  believe,  with  this  scene,  Ford  is  telling  us  that  Debbie  is  the  most  important   character  in  the  film.  She  is  the  only  one  who  gets  a  clear  face-­”off  against  scar;  a  one-­”on-­”one.  Later   Martin  and  Ethan  meet  him,  but  it  is  with  many  others  present  and  even  when  Martin  kills  Scar  it   is  quick  and  without  any  close  up  coverage.  Ford  chooses  to  keep  the  camera  away  from  any  close   ups  of  Martin  or  Scar  so  that  he  can  keep  us  from  jumping  into  the  POV  of  these  characters.  He   wants  to  keep  it  as  tightly  between  Ethan  and  Debbie  as  he  can.  For  these  reasons  I  believe  we  are   to  feel  more  that  The  Searchers  is  Debbie’s  story,  as  told  by  Ethan,  not  Ethan’s  story.   In  making  the  case  that  the  film  belongs  to  Debbie,  her  growth  as  a  character  and  the   effects  of  that  growth  must  be  compared  to  others.  Martin  Pawley  never  changes.  He  is  all-­”in  to   find  Debbie  throughout  the  entire  film.  Laurie,  the  woman  in  love  with  Martin,  also  doesn’t  make   much  of  a  transformation.  By  the  end  of  the  story  she  ends  up  with  him,  who  she’s  pined  over  for 10 years,  and  except  for  a  quick  stint  with  Charlie  McCorry,  stays  faithful  throughout.  Ethan  Edwards   does  change  as  a  character.  He  starts  out  as  a  dark,  but  loving  uncle  to  Debbie  and  her  siblings.  Then  he  turns  colder  and  murderous  in  his  search  for  Debbie.  When  he  finds  Debbie,  he  hits  his   low  point  as  he  plots  to  kill  her  for  becoming  a  Comanche.  Then  in  the  end  he  turns  back  once   more  to  a  loving  character  when  he  sees  Debbie  isn’t  as  Comanche  as  he’d  thought.  All  of  that,   coupled  with  Ethan’s  amount  of  screen  time,  comprise  a  strong  argument  that  he  is  the  most   important  character  in  the  film.  I  disagree,  though.  Debbie  is  the  most  important  character   because  along  with  growing  herself,  she  is  the  reason  for  every  one  of  Ethan’s  character  changes.  Ethan  is  loving  in  the  first  act  because  of  innocent,  young  Debbie,  and  Martha.  Then  Martha  dies,   and  the  only  other  source  of  happiness  to  Ethan,  Debbie,  is  captured.  Without  Debbie,  Ethan  has   no  reason  to  do  anything  or  be  anyone.  She  gives  him  purpose  to  act.  She  gives  Martin  purpose,   too,  as  well  as  the  other  men  in  the  film,  but  Ethan  is  the  only  character  affected  solely  by  her.  This   is  not  an  incredibly  unique  idea  in  filmmaking  or  storytelling;  making  the  hero’s  actions  all   because  of  a  damsel  or  maiden.  As  Bud  Boetticher,  another  known  director  of  Western  films  once   put  it:   “ What  counts  is  what  the  heroine  provokes,  or  rather  what  she   represents.  She  is  the  one,  or  rather  the  love  or  fear  she  inspires  in  the   hero,  or  else  the  concern  he  feels  for  her,  who  makes  him  act  the  way  he   does.  In  herself  the  woman  has  not  the  slightest  importance. ”  (Mulvey,  p.   715)   While  this  may  be  true  for  earlier  Western  films,  Boetticher’s  statement  does  not  apply  to   The  Searchers  because  Debbie’s  growth  and  change  as  a  character  affects  the  film  in  ways  not   possible  without  her.   Somewhere  along  the  lines  of  the  second  act  she  becomes  the  villain.  Once  they  find  her   and  learn  she  has  turned  native,  Ethan  becomes  hell  bent  on  killing  her  and  the  film  switches  to  be 11 about  Ethan’s  determination  to  kill  her  and  Debbie’s  need  to  survive.  It  is  important  to  keep  in   mind  that  Westerns  always  end  with  a  hero  vs.  villain  showdown,  in  which  typically  the  hero  wins.  Also  remember  that  I’ve  already  stated  that  the  only  hero  vs.  villain  confrontation  that  exists  with   Scar,  our  only  other  villain,  is  with  Debbie,  and  not  Ethan.  Yet  Scar  gets  killed  in  a  meaningless   scene.  Therefore,  Ford  has  intended  for  the  climax  of  the  film  when  Ethan  chases  down  Debbie  to   act  as  our  climactic  showdown.  It  is  the  only  moment  where  Ethan  squares  off  against  a   Comanche,  or  at  least  who  he  believes  to  be  a  Comanche.  In  this  scene  however,  it  is  difficult  to   determine  who  is  villain  and  who  is  hero.  As  I’ve  already  stated,  Debbie  transforms  into  a  villain   in  Ethan’s,  and  thus  our,  eyes  by  accepting  the  Comanche  customs.  Yet,  a  strong  case  can  be  made   that  Ethan  becomes  our  villain  ,  especially  if  we  believe  Debbie  is  the  most  important  character.  Ethan  becomes  very  Comanche-­”like  himself.  He  is  cold  and  murderous.  He  even  takes  Scar’s   scalp  after  Martin  kills  him,  completing  Ethan’s  transformation.  So  with  that  in  mind,  the   showdown  between  Ethan  and  Debbie  can  be  considered  as  Comanche  versus  Comanche,  or   villain  versus  villain.  Yet,  if  we  are  to  believe  that  Debbie  is  the  most  important  character  in  the   film,  as  I  do,  then  our  hero  becomes  Debbie  in  this  final  confrontation  scene.  She  turns  Ethan  back   in  to  a  like  able  character,  something  no  one  else  has  been  able  to  do.  As  an  audience  we  want  to   see  her  live  and  for  Ethan  to  get  is  niece  back  and  for  Martin  to  end  up  Laurie,  etc.  Through   showing  Ethan  that  she  can  be  his  innocent  niece  once  more,  Debbie  has  forced  the  positive   outcome  of  the  film  that  we  all  were  looking  for.  She  is  a  female  Western  hero,  a  very  unusual   move  by  Ford.   Whether  you  want  to  argue  that  Debbie  is  the  hero  or  Ethan,  it  is  hard  to  argue  that  Debbie   isn’t  the  most  important  character  in  The  Searchers  because  of  the  impact  she  has  on  every  single   male  character’s  decisions,  but  especially  Ethan’s.  If  she  hadn’t  shown  she  wasn’t  all-­”Comanche  at 12 the  end,  Ethan  would’ve  killed  her,  and  according  to  how  Ford  has  set  up  his  film,  and  by  not   providing  Ethan  with  any  more  characters  capable  of  giving  him  happiness,  that  is  how  Ethan   would’ve  been  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Ford  foreshadowed  how  Ethan  would  turn  out  by  taking   away  Martha  and  showing  how  the  loss  of  someone  he  loves  affects  him.  Without  Debbie  alive  to   influence  Ethan’s  happiness,  he  would’ve  lost  both  women  in  his  life.  No  other  characters  are   presented  as  possible  replacements,  and  therefore  without  these  two  women  he  would  be  stuck   being  unhappy  and  cold  forever. As  Debbie  is  already  such  an  important  character  to  this  film,  she  becomes  equally   important  in  regards  to  all  female  characters  in  comparison  when  we  look  at  the  Mulvey  and   Movshovitz  arguments.  Starting  with  Mulvey,  Debbie  is  never  a  sex  symbol.  She  is  a  child  in  the   entire  film,  and  therefore  is  never  presented  in  a  sexual  manner.  The  idea  that  she  has  been   deflowered  by  Scar  is  hinted  at,  but  never  strictly  stated,  and  thus  I  don’t  believe  that  is  an  issue   here.  I  don’t  believe  she  can  be  seen  as  castrating  Ethan,  or  any  other  male  character,  either.  The   only  way  that  can  possibly  be  applied  is  if  to  say  that  by  taking  control  of  the  hero  vs.  villain   showdown  and  appearing  in  a  one-­”on-­”one  with  Scar,  Debbie  is  taking  power  from  Ethan.  But,  I  am   arguing  in  this  essay  that  Debbie  should  be  considered  the  protagonist  of  the  film,  and  therefore   she  wouldn’t  be  taking  anything  from  Ethan  because  as  the  protagonist  in  a  Western  she  is   expected  to  meet  the  villain  at  some  point.  To  me,  Debbie  goes  beyond  both  Mulvey,  and   especially  Boetticher,  in  being  a  deep  and  growing  character  who  determines  the  direction  of  the   entire  story.   Movshovitz,  on  the  other  hand,  makes  a  fairly  good  point  in  his  argument  on  movement   and  women  to  be  trusted.  It  ties  back  into  whether  Debbie  is  the  villain,  or  the  hero,  and  at   which  points  she  becomes  such.  As  Movshovitz  states,  women  in  motion  are  not  to  be  trusted. 13  Well  the  only  time  that  Debbie  is  in  motion  is  when  she  is  running  from  the  Comanche  camp   (either  towards  Ethan  and  Martin,  or  away  from  them  in  fear).  Her  movement  is  what  leads   Ethan,  and  therefore  the  audience,  to  believe  she  is  the  villain  because  she  only  moves  at  the   times  we  see  her  as  Comanche.  I  agree  with  him  here,  and  will  take  it  a  step  forward  to  say   that  when  she  stops  moving  is  when  she  becomes  the  hero  of  the  story.  By  becoming  still,  she   is  showing  Ethan  that  she  can  still  be  a  normal  girl  (by  his  standards,  any  way),  and  is  saving   her  own  life.   While  the  two  other  significant  female  characters  in  The  Searchers  don’t  contribute  as   much  to  the  story  as  Debbie,  their  purpose  is  still  important  to  note.  Laurie  acts  as  our  balance   between  a  radical  world  where  only  women  drive  the  story  along,  and  Mulvey’s  classic   Hollywood  world  where  women  are  sex  objects  and  castrators.  Laurie  is  hell  bent  on  marriage   with  Martin;  it  is  her  whole  purpose.  She  exists  to  try  and  persuade  him  to  give  up  the  search   for  Debbie.  So,  while  her  intentions  fall  into  the  Mulvey  model,  her  symbolism  does  not.   Effectively,  she  is  trying  to  keep  the  heroes  of  Martin  and  Ethan  from  succeeding.  I  believe  that   by  having  Martin  tag  along  with  Ethan  throughout  the  film,  Ford  is  saying  Ethan  needs  him.  Jeffrey  Church,  in  Recognition  and  Restlessness  in  John  Ford’s  The  Searchers,  writes  that  “ self-­” knowledge  and  freedom  cannot  be  achieved  in  solitude  [in  The  Searchers]  but  only  in  the   context  of  human  beings. ”  (Church,  page  47)  He  goes  on  to  explain  how,  while  Ethan  strives  to   be  alone  in  his  search  for  Debbie  he  will  never  succeed  as  such.  It  is  only  with  Martin  by  his   side,  or  amongst  other  fellow  companions,  that  he  is  able  to  make  progress.  Yet,  if  for  nothing   else,  Ethan  needs  Martin  as  a  decoy  in  order  to  kill  Futterman  and  his  men.  Coming  back   around  to  examine  Laurie’s  whole  purpose  as  a  character,  it  must  be  to  stop  Martin  from   continuing,  and  therefore  condemn  Ethan’s  journey.  I  believe  Ford  is  making  a  statement 14 about  women  characters  in  general  here,  in  that  if  they  are  too  simplified  in  their  wants  and   actions  they  will  end  up  as  blockades  for  the  heroes  themselves.  Women  shouldn’t  be  one   dimensional  characters  determined  for  sex,  or  marriage,  or  even  to  acquire  the  power  of  men   because  that  forces  them  into  a  role  against  the  hero,  in  which  they  become  the  villain,  or  at   least  villainous  in  part.   Debbie  is  only  returned  safely  after  Laurie  and  Martin  get  together  and  she,  silently,   approves  of  him  joining  the  battle.  Perhaps  it  is  coincidence,  but  I  think  Ford  is  stating  Laurie’s   importance  here.  She  accepts  Martin  for  who  he  is,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  he  must  rescue   Debbie,  and  with  Laurie’s  silent  permission,  Martin  is  able  to  go  to  battle  and  save  her.  It  is   another  instance  where  the  female  character  has  determined  a  life,  this  time  of  a  fellow   woman.  If  Laurie  had  been  able  to  keep  Martin  from  going  with  the  group  of  rangers,  Debbie   would’ve  surely  been  killed  either  by  Ethan  or  the  Comanche  themselves.   The  final  significant  female  character  example  that  can  be  pulled  from  The  Searchers  is   that  of  Mrs.  Jurgenson,  Laurie’s  mother.  During  the  fight  scene  between  Martin  and  Charlie  we   see  her  standing  not  only  amongst  the  men  cheering,  but  right  next  to  John  Wayne.  Ford  is   working  some  strong  symbolism  here.  By  putting  Mrs.  Jurgenson  directly  next  to  arguably  the   most  iconic  cowboy  hero  of  all  time,  Ford  is  suggesting  her  equality  to  him.  Even  after  Ethan   pushes  her  inside  reminding  her  she  is  a  lady  (and  that  she  doesn’t  match  his  character   significance),  she  opens  the  window  and  re-­”engages  in  the  action.  Mrs.  Jurgenson  is  another  of   Ford’s  representations  that  men  and  women  are,  and  should  be  shown  as,  equals. So  far  we  have  examined  the  progression  of  John  Ford’s  female  characters  through  two   films.  In  Fort  Apache  the  women  of  the  fort  were  set  up  to  be  equals  to  men.  In  The  Searchers,  Ford  took  it  a  step  further  and  made  a  female  charter,  Debbie,  the  most  important  character  in 15 the  film.  In  both  of  these  examples,  however,  the  end  result  is  what  one  would  expect  from  a   typical  Western:  the  rugged  hero,  in  both  cases  played  by  John  Wayne,  gets  what  he  is  after.  In   Apache  he  becomes  the  leader,  taking  Thursday’s  place,  and  in  Searchers  he  gets  Debbie  home   safely.  It  wasn’t  until  The  Man  Who  Shot  Liberty  Valance  (1962)  that  Ford  would  take  another   step  and  use  a  woman  character  to  not  only  change  the  outcome  of  the  film,  but  also  change   the  entire  genre  moving  forward.   Westerns  were  built  on  many  simple  ideas,  one  of  which  we  have  already  discussed   being  hero  vs.  villain.  In  the  early  westerns,  these  characters  were  easily  recognized.  Heroes   were  rugged  and  from  the  frontier,  they  were  dirty  and  wore  rancher-­”style  outfits.  The  villains   were  from  a  different  part  of  the  country,  often  the  east,  and  wore  suits.  As  the  genre   progressed,  villains  sometimes  took  on  a  look  similar  to  the  hero,  but  the  hero  never  changed.   (Johnson)  Using  Hallie  Stoddard,  John  Ford  flipped  this  western  archetype  completely  around. In  Valance,  a  lawyer,  Ransom  Stoddard,  from  the  East  coast  heads  west  and  is  stopped   by  outlaw  Liberty  Valance.  After  getting  beaten  down,  Stoddard  winds  up  in  a  nearby  town   that  Valance  frequents.  Stoddard  begins  a  law  practice,  and  encourages  the  town  to  stand  up  to   their  villain.  Hallie  works  in  the  town  restaurant  and  is  the  girlfriend  of  John  Wayne’s   character,  Tom  Doniphon.  Tom  is  our  prototypical  Western  hero,  he  is  rugged  and  tough,  and   the  only  man  who  scares  Liberty  Valance  to  any  extent. Throughout  the  film  Stoddard  and  Hallie  begin  to  spend  time  together.  He  teaches  her   how  to  read  and  write,  while  working  off  a  small  debt  to  the  restaurant  for  food  and  housing.  The  two  characters  start  a  relationship  while  Doniphon  is  out  roaming  the  West  and  par   taking  in  typical  cowboy  duties.  By  the  end  of  the  film,  Hallie  has  fallen  in  love  with  Stoddard   and  plans  to  marry  him  and  accompany  him  to  Washington. 16 This  is  an  extremely  significant  development  because  of  its  affect  on  Tom  Doniphon,  our   hero.  Tom  is  the  cowboy  of  the  film.  He  is  the  man  who  keeps  Valance  in  check.  By  all  accords   he  is  who  we  expect  to  be  triumphant  in  the  end.  We  expect  this  because  through  previous   Western  films  we  have  been  trained  to  share  in  the  confidence  of  the  cowboy  hero,  yet  in   Valance,  Ford  has  used  that  very  confidence  to  misdirect  his  audience.  All  throughout  the  film,   Doniphon  engages  in  activities  expected  of  a  cowboy  hero.  He  stands  his  ground  against   Valance  in  public,  he  rides  off  into  the  West  to  herd  cattle,  and  he  embraces  the  gun-­”as-­”law   western  mentality.  Yet  all  of  these  characteristics  work  against  him  in  ways  that  had  never   happened  before.  In  this  film,  Ford  decided  to  give  Hallie  the  power  to  decide  who  would  be   victorious  and  who  would  not.  From  an  audience’s  perspective,  we  expect  it  to  be  Doniphon   because  we  know  the  classic  cowboy  type.  But  Hallie  is  different  from  us,  and  she  latches  more   onto  the  qualities  of  the  Eastern  lawyer  Stoddard.  Doniphon  is  too  rough  for  her.  He  leaves  for   extended  periods  of  time  and  she  is  unsure  when,  or  if,  he  will  return.  It  is  believable  that  she   would  need  her  man  to  be  present  and  be  loving,  but  here  Ford  is  taking  advantage  of  how   Western  films  have  previously  set  these  traits  up  to  be  associated  with  the  hero.  This  idea  that   Tom  Doniphon  is  not  the  most  sought  after  character  is  very  difficult  for  the  audience  to  grasp.  Even  though  it  is  Doniphon’s  bullet  not  Stoddard’s  that  kills  Valence  in  the  end,  the  ultimate   heroic  action,  it  doesn’t  matter.  By  that  time  the  decision  of  who  wins  has  already  been  made   by  the  only  character  Ford  felt  it  appropriate,  Hallie,  and  she  has  chosen  Stoddard,  and  in   effect,  has  made  a  decision  that  will  alter  the  entire  Western  genre  for  good.  She  becomes  one   of,  if  not  the,  most  important  character  in  a  Western  up  to  that  time  because  she  has  allowed   what  foreigners  to  the  frontier  had  been  trying  to  do  for  over  half  a  century:  win.  She  allows   the  men  from  the  East  to  finally  conquer  the  frontier.  Hallie  kills  the  classic  cowboy  hero, 17 literally,  as  we  learn  that  her  departure  breaks  Doniphon’s  heart.  “ He  was  never  the  same, ”  is

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