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Introduction

INTRODUCTION Pablo Picasso (25 October 1881 — 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor. Commonly known simply as Picasso, he is one of the most recognized figures in 20th-century art. He is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) and Guernica (1937), his portrayal of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. | Pablo Picasso 1962 | Birth name | Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Picasso | Born | 25 October 1881(1881-10-25) Málaga, Spain | Died | 8 April 1973 (aged 91) Mougins, France | Nationality | Spanish | Field | Painting, Drawing, Sculpture, Printmaking, Ceramics | Training | Jose Ruíz (father), Academy of Arts, Madrid | Movement | Cubism | Works | Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) Guernica (1937) The Weeping Woman (1937) | | | Picasso demonstrated uncanny artistic talent in his early years, painting in a realistic manner through his childhood and adolescence; during the first decade of the twentieth century his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. Picasso’s creative genius manifested itself in numerous mediums, including painting, sculpture, drawing, and architecture. His revolutionary artistic accomplishments brought him universal renowned and immense fortunes throughout his life, making him the best-known figure in twentieth century art. His fame has continued after his death, firmly establishing his status as one of the greatest artists in Western history. The Spanish painter, sculptor, and graphic artist Pablo Picasso was one of the most productive and revolutionary artists in the history of Western painting. As the central figure in developing cubism (an artistic style where recognizable objects are fragmented to show all sides of an object at the same time), he established the basis for abstract art (art having little or no pictorial representation). PROBLEMS FACED BY PICASSO (SCARS) Picasso was described as a famous, controversial, and trend-setting art icon. Pablo attended local parochial schools and had a very difficult time. He is described as having difficulty reading the orientation of the letters and labeled a dyslexic, and despite the initial difficulties was able to catch up with the curriculum. However, dyslexia made school difficult and he never really benefited from his education. Dyslexia would trouble Picasso for the rest of his life. Dyslexia is a learning disorder that manifests itself primarily as a difficulty with reading and spelling. It is separate and distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate reading instruction.  It is estimated that dyslexia affects around 5% to 17% of the U. S. population. Still he did overcome his problems and moved ahead.  Pablo enrolled in the school in 1892. Despite the difficulties that his learning disabilities posed, it became clear that Pablo had an incredible talent. From an early age Pablo Picasso had developed the sense of how people wanted to be seen and how others saw them. Over the course of his career he developed a unique sense of beauty and style that seemed to call to people. Pablo painted things as he saw them – out of order, backwards or upside down. His paintings demonstrated the power of imagination, raw emotion, and creativity on the human psyche. As others before him, Pablo Picasso took art to a new level. A prolific painter, some of his famous works includes The Young Ladies of Avigon, Old Man with Guitar, and Guernica. ACHIEVEMENTS AND SUCCESS Picasso is He is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age; according to his mother, his first words were “ piz, piz”, a shortening of lápiz, the Spanish word for ‘ pencil’ He took art to a new level. As a prolific painter, some of his famous works include the young ladies of Avigon, The Old man with guitar and Guernica. Picasso’s creative genius manifested itself in numerous mediums, including painting, sculpture, drawing, and architecture. Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International . The total number of artworks he produced has been estimated at 50, 000, comprising 1, 885 paintings; 1, 228 sculptures; 2, 880 ceramics, roughly 12, 000 drawings, many thousands of prints, and numerous tapestries. Several paintings by Picasso rank among the most expensive paintings in the world. Garçon à la pipe sold for USD $104 million at Sotheby’s on 4 May 2004, establishing a new price record. Dora Maar au Chat sold for USD $95. 2 million at Sotheby’s on 3 May 2006. Early Life Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisma Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso was born in Málaga, Spain, the first child of José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. Picasso’s father was Jose Ruíz, a painter whose specialty was the naturalistic depiction of birds, and who for most of his life was also a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. The young Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age; according to his mother, his first word was ” piz,” a shortening of lapiz, the Spanish word for pencil. It was from his father that Picasso had his first formal academic art training, such as figure drawing and painting in oil. Although Picasso attended carpenter schools throughout his childhood, often those where his father taught, he never finished his college-level course of study at the Academy of Arts (Academia de San Fernando) in Madrid, leaving after less than a year. Picasso used harlequins in many of his early works, especially in his Blue and Rose Periods. A comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, the harlequin became a personal symbol for Picasso. During the 1930s, the minotaur replaced the harlequin as a motif which he used often in his work. His use of the minotaur came partly from his contact with the surrealists, who often used it as their symbol, and appears in Picasso’s Guernica. Picasso remained neutral during the Spanish Civil War, World War I and World War II, refusing to fight for any side or country. Picasso never commented on this but encouraged the idea that it was because he was a pacifist. Some of his contemporaries though (including Braque) felt that this neutrality had more to do with cowardice than principle. As a Spanish citizen living in France, Picasso was under no compulsion to fight against the invading Germans in either world war. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. He also remained aloof from the Catalan independence movement during his youth despite expressing general support and being friendly with activists within it. No political movement seemed to compel his support to any great degree, though he did become a member of the Communist Party. During the Second World War, Picasso remained in Paris when the Germans occupied the city. The Nazis hated his style of painting, so he was not able to show his works during this time. Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint all the while. When the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso was still able to continue using bronze smuggled to him by the French resistance. Arguably Picasso’s most famous work is his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica, Spain – Guernica. This large canvas embodies for many the inhumanity, brutality and hopelessness of war. The act of painting was captured in a series of photographs by Picasso’s most famous lover, Dora Maar, a distinguished artist in her own right. Guernica hung in New York’s Museum of Modern Art for many years. In 1981 Guernica was returned to Spain and exhibited at the Casón del Buen Retiro. In 1992 the painting hung in Madrid’s Reina Sofía Museum when it opened. After the Second World War, Picasso rejoined the French Communist Party, and even attended an international peace conference in Poland. But party criticism of a portrait of Stalin as insufficiently realistic cooled Picasso’s interest in Communist politics, though he remained a loyal member of the Communist Party until his death. His beliefs tended towards anarcho-communism. Personal Life In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, Guillaume Apollinaire, and writer Gertrude Stein. He maintained a number of mistresses in addition to his wife or primary partner. Picasso was married twice and had four children by three women. In the early years of the twentieth century, Picasso, still a struggling youth, began a long term relationship with Fernande Olivier. It is she who appears in many of the Rose period paintings. After garnering fame and some fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, whom Picasso called Eva. Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works. In 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev’s troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Parade, in Rome. Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and all the social niceties attendant on the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son, Paulo, who would grow up to be a dissolute motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova’s insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso’s bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. In 1927 Picasso met 17 year old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso’s marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova’s death in 1955. Picasso carried on a long-standing affair with Walter and fathered a daughter, Maia, with her. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso’s death. The photographer and painter Dora Maar was also a constant companion and lover of Picasso. The two were closest in the late 1930s and early 1940s and it was Maar who documented the painting of Guernica. After the liberation of Paris in 1944, Picasso began to keep company with a young art student, Françoise Gilot. The two eventually became lovers, and had two children together, Claude, and Paloma. Unique among Picasso’s women, Gilot left Picasso in 1953, allegedly because of abusive treatment and infidelities. This came as a severe blow to Picasso. He went through a difficult period after Gilot’s departure, coming to terms with his advancing age and his perception that he was an old man, now in his 70s, who was no longer attractive, but rather grotesque to young women. A number of ink drawings from this period explore this theme of the hideous old dwarf as buffoonish counterpoint to the beautiful young girl, including several from a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte, who in June 2005 auctioned off the drawings Picasso made of her. In addition to his manifold artistic accomplishments, Picasso had a film career, including a cameo appearance in Jean Cocteau’s Testament of Orpheus. Picasso always played himself in his film appearances. He was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge 50 foot high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the Chicago Picasso. He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. What the figure represents is not known; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100, 000 for it, donating it to the people of the city. Picasso’s final works were a mixture of styles, his means of expression in constant flux until the end of his life. Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became more daring, his works more colourful and expressive, and from 1968 through 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At the time these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of an artist who was past his prime. One long time admirer, Douglas Cooper, called them ” the incoherent scribblings of a frenetic old man”. Only later, after Picasso’s death, when the rest of the art world had moved on from abstract expressionism, did the critical community come to see that Picasso had already discovered neo-expressionism and was, as so often before, ahead of his time. Pablo Picasso died on April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France, and was interred at Castle Vauvenargues’ park, in Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral. His final words were ” drink to me”. Legacy At the time of his death many of his paintings were in his possession, as he had kept off the art market what he didn’t need to sell. In addition, Picasso had a considerable collection of the work of other famous artists, some his contemporaries, such as Henri Matisse, with whom he had exchanged works. Since Picasso left no will, his death duties (estate tax) to the French state were paid in the form of his works and others from his collection. These works form the core of the immense and representative collection of the Musée Picasso in Paris. In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace, Málaga, Spain, the Museo Picasso Málaga. The Museu Picasso in Barcelona features many of Picasso’s early works, created while he was living in Spain, including many rarely seen works which reveal Picasso’s firm grounding in classical techniques. The museum also holds many precise and detailed figure studies done in his youth under his father’s tutelage, as well as the extensive collection of Jaime Sabartés, Picasso’s close friend from his Barcelona days who, for many years, was Picasso’s personal secretary. In the aftermath of Picasso’s death, at the suggestion of Dustin Hoffman, Paul McCartney wrote a song in tribute to him which was released on his album Band on the Run later that year. The film Surviving Picasso was made about Picasso in 1996, as seen through the eyes of Françoise Gilot. Anthony Hopkins played Picasso in the movie. Some paintings by Picasso rank among the most expensive paintings in the world. ” Nude on a Black Armchair” – sold for USD $45. 1 million in 1999 to Les Wexner, who then donated it to the Wexner Center for the Arts. Les Noces de Pierrette – sold for more than USD $51 million in 1999. Garçon à la pipe- sold for USD $104 million at Sotheby’s on May 4, 2004, establishing a new price record. Dora Maar au Chat – sold for USD $95. 2 million at Sotheby’s on May 3, 2006. Awards International Lenin Peace Prize (1962) Anecdotes and Trivia A man once criticized Picasso for creating unrealistic art. Picasso asked him: ” Can you show me some realistic art?” The man showed him a photograph of his wife. Picasso observed: ” So your wife is two inches tall, two-dimensional, with no arms and no legs, and no color but only shades of gray?” The Guinness Book of Records names Picasso as the most prolific painter ever. Picasso suffered from dyslexia. Children Paulo (February 4, 1921 – June 5, 1975) – with Olga Khokhlova Maya (September 5, 1935 – ) – with Marie-Thérèse Walter Claude – with Françoise Gilot Paloma (1949 – ) – with Françoise Gilot Picasso sculpture in Halmstad Pablo Picasso, Massacre in Korea, 1951 Femme aux Bras Croisés, 1902 Pablo Picasso, Garçon à la pipe, (Boy with a Pipe), 1905, Rose Period Three Musicians (1921), Museum of Modern Art Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907), Museum of Modern Art, New York Cubism Guernica, 1937, Museo Reina Sofia Picasso sculpture in Chicago Later works Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the summer of 1949. In the 1950s, Picasso’s style changed once again, as he took to producing reinterpretations of the art of the great masters. He made a series of works based on Velazquez’s painting of Las Meninas. He also based paintings on works by Goya, Poussin, Manet, Courbet and Delacroix. Nude Woman with a Necklace (1968), Tate Several paintings by Picasso rank among the most expensive paintings in the world. Garçon à la pipe sold for USD $104 million at Sotheby’s on 4 May 2004, establishing a new price record. Dora Maar au Chat sold for USD $95. 2 million at Sotheby’s on 3 May 2006.[40] As of 2004, Picasso remains the top ranked artist (based on sales of his works at auctions) according to the Art Market Trends report. More of his paintings have been stolen than those by any other artist.[41] The Picasso Administration functions as his official Estate. The U. S. copyright representative for the Picasso Administration is the Artists Rights Society.[42] Upon Picasso’s death in 1973, actor Dustin Hoffman was having dinner with former Beatle Paul McCartney and told him about Picasso’s last words. McCartney started creating and singing a song around those words and included the song on his 1973 album, Band on the Run. In the 1996 movie Surviving Picasso Picasso is played by actor Anthony Hopkins. Children Paulo (4 February 1921 — 5 June 1975) (Born Paul Joseph Picasso) – with Olga Khokhlova Maia (5 September 1935 ) (Born Maria de la Concepcion Picasso) – with Marie-Thérèse Walter Claude (15 May 1947 —) (Born Claude Pierre Pablo Picasso) – with Françoise Gilot Paloma (19 April 1949 — ) (Born Anne Paloma Picasso) – with Françoise Gilot Political views He was against the intervention of the United Nations and the United States in the Korean War and he depicted it in Massacre in Korea. In 1962, he received the International Lenin Peace Prize. Art “ | Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth. | ” | | – Pablo Picasso | | Picasso’s work is often categorized into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901—1904), the Rose Period (1905—1907), the African-influenced Period (1908—1909), Analytic Cubism (1909—1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912—1919). Before 1901 Picasso’s training under his father began before 1890. His progress can be traced in the collection of early works now held by the Museu Picasso in Barcelona, which provides one of the most comprehensive records extant of any major artist’s beginnings.[31] During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894 his career as a painter can be said to have begun.[32] The academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s is well displayed in The First Communion (1896), a large composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same year, at the age of 14, he painted Portrait of Aunt Pepa, a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cirlot has called “ without a doubt one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting. “[33] He was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge 50-foot (15 m)-high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the Chicago Picasso. He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. What the figure represents is not known; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100, 000 for it, donating it to the people of the city. Picasso’s final works were a mixture of styles, his means of expression in constant flux until the end of his life. Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became more daring, his works more colorful and expressive, and from 1968 through 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At the time these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of an artist who was past his prime. Only later, after Picasso’s death, when the rest of the art world had moved on from abstract expressionism, did the critical community come to see that Picasso had already discovered neo-expressionism and was, as so often before, ahead of his time. Commemoration and legacy Picasso was exceptionally prolific throughout his long lifetime. The total number of artworks he produced has been estimated at 50, 000, comprising 1, 885 paintings; 1, 228 sculptures; 2, 880 ceramics, roughly 12, 000 drawings, many thousands of prints, and numerous tapestries and rugs.[39] At the time of his death many of his paintings were in his possession, as he had kept off the art market what he didn’t need to sell. In addition, Picasso had a considerable collection of the work of other famous artists, some his contemporaries, such as Henri Matisse, with whom he had exchanged works. Since Picasso left no will, his death duties (estate tax) to the French state were paid in the form of his works and others from his collection. These works form the core of the immense and representative collection of the Musée Picasso in Paris. In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace, Málaga, Spain, the Museo Picasso Málaga. Death Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Mougins, France, while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. His final words were “ Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can’t drink any more. “[15] He was interred at the Chateau of Vauvenargues near Aix-en-Provence, a property he had acquired in 1958 and occupied with Jacqueline between 1959 and 1962. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral.[16] Devastated and lonely after the death of Picasso, Jacqueline Roque took her own life by gunshot in 1986 when she was 60 years old.

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