( 1. 3)? ? EXERCISE – ABSTRACT NOUNSForm Abstract Nouns from the following. man? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? scholar? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? king? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? know? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? sell? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? thinklong? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? strong? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? wisebrother? ? ? ? ? ? lose? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? greatClick here for the answer| man – manhood | scholar – scholarship | king – kingdom || know – knowledge | sell – sale | think – thought || long – length | strong – strength | wise – wisdom || brother – brotherhood | lose – loss | great – greatness |? ( 1. 4)? ? EXERCISE – COLLECTIVE NOUNSFill in the blank s with suitable collective nouns. ??? 1.
A _____ of birds flew high in the sky. flock / flightflock / flight ??? 2. They saw a _____ of lions at the zoo. pride / trooppride / troop ??? 3. The farmer has a _____ of cattle on his farm. herd / droveherd / drove ??? 4. He ate a _____ of grapes today.
Bunchbunch ??? 5. Our friend shows us a _____ of stamps. Collectioncollection ??? 6.
We saw a _____ of sheep on our way home. Flockflock ??? 7. Police have arrested a _____ of thieves.
pack / gangpack / gang ??? 8. She bought a _____ of bananas from the market. bunch / combbunch / comb ??? 9. The _____ of pupils are listening attentively to their teacher. Classclass ??? 10. You can put the _____ of tools in that box. setset? ( 1.
5)? ? EXERCISE – COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSComplete each sentence by choosing the correct word. ??? 1. There is so (many, much) smoke coming out of the chimney. Muchmuch ??? 2.
There are (plenty of, a large amount of) fish in the pond . Plenty ofplenty of ??? 3. (A little, A few) minutes is all it takes for him to shave. A fewA few ??? 4. The postman put (a great deal of, a lot of) letters into the bag.
A lot ofa lot of ??? 5. He threw (a little, some) nuts to the monkeys. Somesome ??? 6.
She uses only (a few, a little) cooking oil in her cooking. A littlea little ??? 7. My hens lay (a large amount of, several) eggs very day.
Severalseveral ??? 8. (A great deal of, A large number of) dust has collected on the desk. A great deal ofA great deal of ??? 9. We saw (a large amount of, many) cows grazing in the field. Manymany ??? 10. The butcher sells (a large amount of, a large number of) meat. A large amount ofa large amount of? ? ( 1. 6)? ? EXERCISE – GENDERChange the nouns in bold from the feminine to the masculine.
??? 1. My aunt visits her niece every week-end. My uncle visits his nephew every week-end. My uncle visits his nephew every week-end.
??? 2. The lady has several mares on her farm. The gentleman has several stallions on his farm. The gentleman has several stallions on his farm. ??? 3. The daughter is more talkative than her mother.
The son is more talkative than his father. The son is more talkative than his father. ??? 4. Does any actress like to play the role of the princessDoes any actor like to play the role of the princeDoes any actor like to play the role of the prince ??? 5.
Their queen is a widow. Their king is a widower. Their king is a widower.
??? 6. The manageress is still a spinster. The manager is still a bachelor. The manager is still a bachelor.
??? 7. In the movie, the tigress was killed by the heroine. In the movie, the tiger was killed by the hero. In the movie, the tiger was killed by the hero. ??? 8. His daughter-in-law is a postmistress. His son-in-law is a postmaster. His son-in-law is a postmaster.
??? 9. The countess has one sister. The count has one brother.
The count has one brother. ??? 10. The authoress is writing a book about the empress. The author is writing a book about the emperor. The author is writing a book about the emperor.? Change the nouns in bold from the masculine to the feminine.
??? 11. The bridegroom thanked the priest. The bride thanked the priestess. The bride thanked the priestess. ??? 12.
His brother works as a waiter. His sister works as a waitress. His sister works as a waiteress. ??? 13. The dog barked at the milkman.
The bitch barked at the milkmaid. The bitch barked at the milkmaid. ??? 14. A cock was killed by a fox. A hen was killed by a vixen. A hen was killed by a vixen. ??? 15.
The manservant has worked many years for the duke. The maidservant has worked many years for the duchess. The maidservant has worked many years for the duchess. ??? 16. Her husband is a conductor.
His wife is a conductress. His wife is a conductress. ??? 17. He was a postman before he became a postmaster. She was a postwoman before she became a postmistress. She was a postwoman before she became a postmistress.
??? 18. The lad wants to be a monk. The lass wants to be a nun.
The lass wants to be a nun. ??? 19. The sultan owns a stallion.
The sultana owns a mare. The sultana owns a mare. ??? 20. Her father-in-law is a landlord.
Her mother-in-law is a landlady. Her mother-in-law is a landlady.? ( 1. 7)? ? EXERCISE – FORMING NOUNS FROM NOUNSFill in the blanks with abstract nouns from the nouns in brackets. ??? 1. I had a very happy ______ (child).
I had a very happy childhood. I had a very happy childhood. ??? 2. I forgot to renew my _____ (member) in the sailing club. I forgot to renew my membership in the sailing club. I forgot to renew my membership in the sailing club.
??? 3. We formed a deep and lasting _____ (friend). We formed a deep and lasting friendship. We formed a deep and lasting friendship.
??? 4. He hopes to take over the _____ (leader) of the party. He hopes to take over the leadership of the party. He hopes to take over the leadership of the party.
??? 5. There are lots of nice people in the _____ (neighbour). There are lots of nice people in the neighbourhood. There are lots of nice people in the neighbourhood.
??? 6. In the _____ (king) of Thailand, the king commands the respect of every citizen. In the kingdom of Thailand, the king commands the respect of every citizen. In the kingdom of Thailand, the king commands the respect of every citizen. ??? 7. She seems to be enjoying _____ (mother). She seems to be enjoying motherhood. She seems to be enjoying motherhood.
??? 8. He had barely reached _____ (man) when he married. He had barely reached manhood when he married.
( 2)? VERBS? Verbs are words that show action. Every sentence must have a verb. A verb is not always one word. It may be made up of more than one word. Auxiliary verbsThe words: am, is, are, was, and were are verbs. They are forms of the verb ??? to be??™. They are helping verbs called auxiliary verbs.? If the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must be singular.
If the subject of a sentence is plural, the verb must be plural. The verb must agree with the subject in number. Examples of ??? subjects??™ and ??? verbs??™ being singular: The man is sleeping. She goes to the market. The student does his homework every day. The train has arrived.? ??? Man??™, ??? she??™, ??? student??™ and ??? train??™ are known as subjects.
The subjects are all singular. The verbs ??? is??™, ??? goes??™, ??? does??™ and ??? has??™ are all singular too.? Examples of ??? subjects??™ and ??? verbs??™ being plural: The men are sleeping. They go to the market. The students do their homework every day. The trains have arrived.? ??? Men??™, ??? they??™, ??? students??™ and ??? trains??™ are known as subjects. The subjects are all plural.
The verbs ??? are??™, ??? go??™, ??? do??™ and ??? have??™ are all plural too.? |? | Singular subject/verb | Plural subject/verb || 1st | I ||? | Every child is happy watching the show. ||? | Nobody is allowed to walk on the grass. |? ?¦? ? ? ? ? ? ? Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs.| Examples: | Rice is eaten in many countries.
||? | There is oil on the floor. ||? | Salt is added to make the food taste better. |?¦? ? ? ? ? ? ? Subjects with words like ??? both??™, ??? all??™, ??? many??™, ??? some??™, ??? several??™ and ??? a number of??™ take on a plural verb.| Examples: | Both of you have to come home early.
||? | All of us want to be happy. ||? | Some of my friends are female. |? ?¦? ? ? ? ? ? ? Two or more subjects joined by ??? and??™ always take a plural verb.| Examples: | My brother and his friends like to play football. ||? | His father and mother are watching television. |? Transitive and intransitive verbsThe verb which needs an object to make its meaning clear or complete is called a transitive verb. Example: He feeds a cat.
The word ??? cat??™ is called the object of the verb ??? feeds??™. The object can be? a noun or a pronoun.? The intransitive verb does not need an object but the meaning is clear or complete. Example: He ran. The verb ??? ran??™ does not need an object.? She reads every day. (No object) He eats quickly. (No object)The Finite verbThe finite verb changes with the subject.
The subject is the person, thing, animal or place we refer to. When the subject is in the first or second person or is plural, the verb does not change. When the subject is in the third person or is singular, the verb changes from, say, ??? eat??™ to ??? eats??™. The verb ??? eat??™ is a finite verb. Every sentence must have a finite verb.| Subject | Singular subject | Plural subject |? || First Person | I eat | We eat |? || Second Person | You eat | You eat |? || Third Person | He eats | They eat |? || Third Person | She eats | They eat |? || Third Person | It eats | They eat |? || The pen/s | The pen is | The pens are |? || The elephant/s | The elephant does | The elephants do not || The house/s | The house has | The houses have |? The InfinitiveThe infinitive is a verb that is followed by ??? to??™ and does not change with the subject.| Subject | Singular Subject | Plural Subject || First Person | I want to play. | We want to play.
|| Second Person | You want to play. | You want to play. || Third Person | He wants to play. | They want to play. ||? | She wants to play. | They want to play. ||? | It wants to play.
| They want to play. | The infinitive can take on an object. For example: He likes to read book.
(To read = infinitive; book = object). Other usage of verbs to remember1.? ? ? ? ? ? ? When ??? and??? is used to join two nouns or pronouns together, the verb is usually in the plural.|? Examples: | Beef and mutton are meat. ||? | He and I were classmates. || |? |? 2.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? When we use two nouns for the same person or thing, the verb should be in the singular.| Examples: | My friend and classmate is very helpful. ||? | Bread and butter is his only food. || |? |? 3.? ? ? ? ? ? ? When we use two nouns for the same person, we use the article ??? the??™ only once and the verb should be in the singular.| Example: | The shopkeeper and owner of the shop is my uncle. || |? |? 4.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? When we refer to two different persons, we use the article twice and the verb must be in the plural.| Example: | The shopkeeper and the owner of the shop are my good friends. || |? |? 5.? ? ? ? ? ? ? When we join two nouns and treat them as a whole, the verb? is in the singular.| Example: | Bread and butter is his usual breakfast.
|| |? |? 6.? ? ? ? ? ? ? When a noun is a quantity or an amount, it is treated as a whole and the verb is in the singular.| Examples: | Ten kilometers is not a long way to travel. ||? | Nowadays, fifty dollars is not a lot of money. || |? |? A verb is used in different forms as follow:| Simple Present Tense | eat || Simple Past Tense | ate || Present Particle | is eating || Past Particle | has eaten || Future Tense | will eat |? THE PRESENT TENSE1.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Present Simple?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for a habitual or repeated action, that is, for something that we do always, every day, often, usually, etc.| Example: | He plays football on Sundays.
|| |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for a general truth or a fact, that is, for something that is true.| Example: | Night follows day. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for something or an action happening now.| Example: | See how she walks. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used instead of the future tense.
| Example: | He arrives tomorrow. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used instead of the past tense, to make something look more real.| Example: | The tiger comes; it catches the boy.
|| |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used instead of the present perfect tense.| Example: | We hear that the king is dead. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to introduce a quotation, that is, to repeat words spoken or written by someone else.
| Example: | Shakespeare says: ??? Neither a borrower nor a lender be.??? || |? |? 2.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Present Continuous Tense?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to show that something is still happening, that is, an action is still going on at the time of speaking.
It shows that the action is not yet complete.| Example: | He is writing a letter. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used instead of the future tense. We usually say the time when this future action will take place| Example: | He is going to Japan next week. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to use the phrase ??? is going??™ which means ??? about to??™.
| Example: | It is going to rain. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to show an action which happens many times. We often use ??? always??™ with this expression.| Example: | He is always getting into trouble. |? ? 3.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Present Perfect Tense?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to show an action which has just been completed or a past action when the time is not mentioned. The action may be a recent one or it may be one which happened a long time ago.| Example: | I have finished reading the book.
|| | There have been many changes in this country. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for an action that has been going on from the past until now, that is, something that happened in the past but is going on still.| Example: | I have lived here for ten years.
|| |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used often with ??? just??™, ??? already??™, ??? recently??™, ??? never??™, ??? yet??™ and (in questions) with ??? ever??™.| Example: | I have already told them about the plan || | She has never replied to my letter. || | Have you ever been to London |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used often to answer questions which contain a verb in the Present Perfect tense.| Example: | Where have you been I? have been to London to see the Queen. || | What have you lost I have lost all my money.
? |? 4.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Present Perfect Continuous Tense?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for an action just completed or continued up to now.| Example: | He has been talking for an hour. |? THE PAST TENSE1.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Past Simple Tense?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to describe a completed past action when the time of the action is mentioned.| Example: | I went to the cinema yesterday. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to show for a past action that was completely done in the past.| Example: | My mother made a cake and we all ate it.
|| |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to express a habitual past action.| Example: | He always came home late. || |? |? 2.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Past Continuous Tense?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for an action that was going on in the past when something else happened.| Example: | While they were watching television, the light went out.
|| |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used to show an action that was going on at a certain time in the past.| Example: | I was eating my dinner at 7 o??™clock last night. || |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for two actions that were going on at the same time in the past.| Example: | While his father was reading the newspaper, his mother was cooking. || |? |? 3.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Past Perfect Tense?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for an action that was completed before another action took place.| Example: | I had left the house before he arrived.
|| |? |? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used in the Indirect or Reported Speech.| Example: |??? I have read the book???. He said that he had read the book. || |? |? 4.? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Past Perfect Continuous Tense?? ? ? ? ? ? ? Used for an action that had been going on in the past before another action occurred in the past.| Example: | She had been cooking when we visited her.
|| |? |? THE FUTURE TENSE? The Future Tense is used to show some action or happening in the future. Future Simple + ??? Going To??? 1.? ? ? ? ? ? ? Simple Future Tense is used to show future action or that something will happen in the future.
| Example: | We will complete the work tomorrow. || |? |? 2.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? Going to??™ is used to express a future action that has been planned in advance.| Example: | We are going to Japan next week. || |? |? 3.? ? ? ? ? ? ? Future Continuous Tense? is used to show continuous action at some future time.| Example: | I shall be seeing both of you tomorrow. || |? |? 4.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? Future Perfect Tense is used for an action which will have finished by some future time or date which is mentioned or before another action has begun.| Example: | I shall have finished this job by seven o??™clock. || | I shall have finished this job by the time you arrive. || |? |? 5.? ? ? ? ? ? ? Future Perfect Continuous Tense.? This continuous tense is formed with ??? shall/will have been??™ + a present particle.| Example: | I shall have been married for exactly ten years next Saturday. ||( 2.
1)? EXERCISE – AUXILIARY VERBS || Fill in the blanks with ??? is or ??? are. || 1. The rose _____ a beautiful flower. || The rose is a beautiful flower. || The rose is a beautiful flower. || 2. His two sons _____ still small. || His two sons are still small.
|| His two sons are still small. || 3. My brother _____ doing his degree at that university. || My brother is doing? his degree at that university. || My brother is doing? his degree at that university. || 4. Dogs _____ the most faithful animals. || Dogs are the most faithful animals.
|| Dogs are the most faithful animals. || 5. There _____ a lot of ants on the tree. || There are a lot of ants on the tree. || There are a lot of ants on the tree. || 6. That chair _____ comfortable to sit on. || That chair is comfortable to sit on.
|| That chair is comfortable to sit on. || 7. The equator _____ an imaginary line round the earth.
|| The equator is an imaginary line round the earth. || The equator is an imaginary line round the earth. || 8. The natives of this island _____ a friendly people.
|| The natives of this island are a friendly people. || The natives of this island are a friendly people. || 9. We _____ waiting for the bus.
|| We are waiting for the bus. || We are waiting for the bus. || 10. _____ your mother sleeping now || Is your mother sleeping now || Is your mother sleeping now ||? || Fill in the blanks with ??? does or ??? do. || 11. _____ you know him || Do you know him || Do you know him || 12.
That _____ not mean I _____ not like her. || That does not mean I do not like her. || That does not mean I do not like her. || 13.
Please _____ not smoke here. || Please do not smoke here. || Please do not smoke here. || 14. _____ anybody know the answer || Does anybody know the answer || Does anybody know the answer || 15. They _____ not want to play.
|| They do not want to play. || They do not want to play. || 16. It _____ not matter where you put it. || It does not matter where you put it. || It does not matter where you put it. || 17.
He _____ the measuring and we _____ the cutting. || He does the measuring and we do the cutting. || He does the measuring and we do the cutting.
|| 18. Those sheep _____ not belong to that farmer. || Those sheep do not belong to that farmer. || Those sheep do not belong to that farmer. || 19.
My feet _____ not get tired easily. || My feet do not get tired easily. || My feet do not get tired easily. || 20. Everyone here _____ not know about it. || Everyone here does not know about it.
|| Everyone here does not know about it. ||? || Fill in the blanks with ??? has or ??? have. || 21. He? _____ a law degree. || He has a law degree.
|| He has a law degree. || 22. They _____ gone to the cinema. || They have gone to the cinema. || They have gone to the cinema. || 23. Only one of the students _____ failed the test.
|| Only one of the students has failed the test. || Only one of the students has failed the test. || 24. I _____ come here to borrow your book || I have come here to borrow your book. || I have come here to borrow your book.
|| 25. “ _____ you ever done online banking” ||” Have you ever done online banking” ||” Have you ever done online banking” || 26. “ We _____ not done our homework yet.” ||” We have not done our homework yet.” ||” We have not done our homework yet.
” || 27. Each of you _____ to pay a dollar. || Each of you has to pay a dollar. || Each of you has to pay a dollar. || 28. There _____ been no complaint so far.
|| There has been no complaint so far. || There has been no complaint so far. || 29. Does he _____ a bicycle || Does he have a bicycle || Does he have a bicycle || 30. What _____ she got to say about this || What has she got to say about this || What has she got to say about this ||? || Choose the correct word for each sentence. || 31. The earth _____ (go, goes) round the sun.
|| The earth goes round the sun. || The earth goes round the sun. || 32. He _____ (go, goes) to school by bus.
|| He goes to school by bus. || He goes to school by bus. || 33. I often _____ (go, goes) to the library. || I often go to the library.
|| I often go to the library. || 34. She wants to _____ (go, goes) to the library || She wants to go to the library || She wants to go to the library || 35. She does not _____ (go, goes) to the library || She does not go to the library || She does not go to the library || 36. Oh, she does _____ (go, goes) to the library. || Oh, she does go to the library.
|| Oh, she does go to the library. || 37. He often _____ (go, goes) to the cinema. || He often goes to the cinema.
|| He often goes to the cinema. || 38. Every one of us must _____ (go, goes) to school. || Every one of us must go to school.
|| Every one of us must go to school. || 39. Every one of us usually _____ (go, goes) to school early. || Every one of us usually goes to school early. || Every one of us usually goes to school early.
|| 40. He too has to _____ (go, goes) to school. || He too has to go to school.
|| He too has to go to school. ||? || Choose the correct word for each sentence. || 41. She _____ (read, reads) every day. || She reads every day. || She reads every day.
|| 42. I _____ (drink, drinks) milk every day. || I drink milk every day. || I drink milk every day. || 43. We _____ (like, likes) to swim. || We like to swim. || We like to swim.
|| 44. My neighbours _____ (talk, talks) to us every day. || My neighbours talk to us every day. || My neighbours talk to us every day. || 45. He _____ (speak, speaks) good English.
|| He speaks good English. || He speaks good English. || 46. They _____ (work, works) in that factory. || They work in that factory. || They work in that factory.
|| 47. One of us _____ (live, lives) near the hospital. || One of us lives near the hospital. || One of us lives near the hospital. || 48.
Those deer in the zoo _____ (look, looks) hungry. || Those deer in the zoo look hungry. || Those deer in the zoo look hungry.
|| 49. Everyone of the postmen _____ (ride, rides) a bicycle. || Every one of the postmen rides a bicycle. || Every one of the postmen rides a bicycle. || 50. The black dog can _____ (bark, barks) very loudly. || The black dog can bark very loudly. || The black dog can bark very loudly. ||? |